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Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids reciprocally modulate
Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids reciprocally modulate

... (BD Clontech) and PvuII library as the template for the first round and a 1/15 dilution of the first round PCR as a template for the second round of PCR. The PCR conditions consisted of 1 min at 95°C, seven cycles of 2 s at 95°C, 3 min at 70°C followed by 30 cycles of 2 s at 95°C, 3 min at 67°C with ...
Autoimmunity and pulmonary hypertension: a perspective REVIEW
Autoimmunity and pulmonary hypertension: a perspective REVIEW

... development of severe PAH [2]. It is also known that certain viral infections, e.g. HIV and human herpes virus (HHV)-8, can be associated with the development of severe PAH [3–6]. Of great interest, is that all of these conditions are either characterised by, or have a propensity to, autoimmunity. A ...
Inflammation and oxidative stress in vertebrate host–parasite systems
Inflammation and oxidative stress in vertebrate host–parasite systems

... Figure 2. (a) A schematic view of the time course of acute inflammation. Once a pathogen has entered the host, pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on cell membranes bind to some pathogen molecular signatures. This recognition phase is followed by the recruitment of neutrophils and their respiratory ...
Lymphoma - Starpace
Lymphoma - Starpace

... foreign material.B lymphocytes exist to produce antibodies. infection is over, most of the B cells die, but some live on as memory cells. The generals-T lymphocytes major histocompatibility complex (MHC), Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells recognise cells with foreign proteins attached to MHC on their ...
Q&A: What is a pathogen? A question that begs
Q&A: What is a pathogen? A question that begs

... host cannot be identified for many microbes. Second, properties conferring pathogenicity depend as much on the host as they do on the microorganism: encapsulated bacteria are pathogenic because they have a polysac­ charide coat that prevents phagocytic cells from seeing them, and thereby avoid immed ...
Q&A: What is a pathogen? A question that begs
Q&A: What is a pathogen? A question that begs

... host cannot be identified for many microbes. Second, properties conferring pathogenicity depend as much on the host as they do on the microorganism: encapsulated bacteria are pathogenic because they have a polysac­ charide coat that prevents phagocytic cells from seeing them, and thereby avoid immed ...
Gene Therapy for Coagulation Disorders
Gene Therapy for Coagulation Disorders

... access to missing or defective hemostatic proteins. Because of the relative infrequency of inherited coagulation factor disorders and the availability of safe and effective alternative means of management, the application of gene therapy for these conditions has been slow to realize clinical applica ...
What Is a Marmoset?
What Is a Marmoset?

... Callitrichid primates (marmosets and tamarins) usually give birth to two (or more) offspring per pregnancy. For example, in a series of 39 term pregnancies, captive female Callithrix jacchus gave birth to five singletons, 19 pairs of twins, 13 sets of triplets, and two sets of quadruplets. Ultrasoun ...
Sex-based differences in autoimmune diseases
Sex-based differences in autoimmune diseases

... both innate and adaptive immune cells, dysregulation of their expression may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases [20]. It has been reported that miRNAs are differentially expressed in males and females in both gonadal and non-gonadal tissues, but it is not clear yet what drives this ...
Blood notes
Blood notes

... Play an important role in the clotting of blood. If a hole develops in a blood vessel wall, rapid action must be taken by the body, or blood will leak out of the system and death could occur. ƒ When circulating platelets arrive at the site of a broken vessel, they assume an irregular shape, get larg ...
THE STUDY OF BLOOD
THE STUDY OF BLOOD

... anemia is the most common of these and is attributable to a mutation that changes one of the amino acids in the hemoglobin, producing hemoglobin that is "fragile". Sickle patient RBCs tend to become distorted and "sickle" shaped on a blood smear (See panel B and C). These deformed cells can block sm ...
Viral vectors for gene therapy: the art of turning infectious agents into
Viral vectors for gene therapy: the art of turning infectious agents into

16. Artificial Life and Emergent Behavior
16. Artificial Life and Emergent Behavior

... 1-D Cellular Automata often use totalistic rules, meaning that the number of living cells out of the 5 is all that determines the cell’s state in the next generation. ...
Memory B cells, but not long-lived plasma cells, possess antigen
Memory B cells, but not long-lived plasma cells, possess antigen

... ELISPOT (Fig. 1 B) and, similar to the ELISA data with serum, a substantial (9.3-fold, P < 0.01) reduction in binding to the DIII-LR epitope was observed. As an independent measure of LLPC specificity, we analyzed bone marrow cells for intracellular binding to a bivalent fusion protein composed of W ...
Presentation
Presentation

... abundance of pathogens Most useful diagnostic tools are based on unique traits or genetic material: virulence factors must be confirmed in animal model for infection (or in human subjects) Vibrio cholerae (Vc): Cholera toxin (encoded in a virus that infected some strains and became part of its genom ...
Adverse Reactions to Blood Products
Adverse Reactions to Blood Products

... –although usually implicated in TRALI, may also (or instead) cause neutropenia of host’s neutrophils –passive alloimmune reaction ...
Chapter 3
Chapter 3

... • Macrophages then destroy some foreign substances by phagocytosis and lymphocytes bring about the destruction of others by immune responses. • Lymph nodes are the site of proliferation of plasma cells and T cells. • Knowledge of the location of the lymph nodes and the direction of lymph flow is imp ...
Immunotherapy and Bone-Metastatic Castration
Immunotherapy and Bone-Metastatic Castration

... Figure 3: Schematic representation for the cell-based sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for prostate cancer. (A) Procedure for harvesting and processing cells for this cell-based treatment modality. (B) Sipuleucel-T or Provenge™ production begins with the isolation of dendritic cells (DCs) as antigen prese ...
Analysis of the functional roles of Mammary Serum  Amyloid A3 protein   
Analysis of the functional roles of Mammary Serum  Amyloid A3 protein   

... ex  vivo  Peyer’s  Patches  cultures.  The  ex  vivo  methodology  offered  a  unique  environment  where different cell types coexist, and indeed, represent a more similar approach to an in vivo  situation.  In  this  context,  the  infection  was  also  prevented,  and  a  clear  innate  immune  r ...
Full-Text PDF
Full-Text PDF

... of the virus while inhibiting host activities. One of the most important interactions between virus and host is the modulation of host cell environment, such that the latter is converted into one in which the virus can replicate successfully. Viruses also regulate the differential expression of host ...
(or Rheumatic) Disease
(or Rheumatic) Disease

... In 2003, the total cost of arthritis was $128 billion—nearly $81 billion in direct costs and $47 billion in indirect costs, equal to 1.2% of the 2003 U.S. gross domestic product. Arthritis is not just an old person’s disease. Nearly two-thirds of people with arthritis are younger than 65. Although a ...
Update on mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in lupus and scleroderma Open Access
Update on mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in lupus and scleroderma Open Access

... MSCs were originally identified in BM by Friedenstein in 1976 as a fibroblast-like cellular population capable of generating osteogenic precursors [12]. Since then, these cells have been extensively investigated and given various names, until 1991 when Caplan proposed the definition ‘mesenchymal ste ...
Symptomatic HIV Infection
Symptomatic HIV Infection

... #Over 95% of HIV infected individuals progress to AIDS within 15 years of infection. *the time required for progressing to full prone AIDS not asymptomatic or latent period is 2 yrs, but there are causes without any treatment remain latent for 20yrs *antiretroviral therapy aims to prolong the latent ...
Simvastatin and Recombinant Antagonist of Receptors of Interleukin
Simvastatin and Recombinant Antagonist of Receptors of Interleukin

... human TLR4 revealed expression in both γδ-and αβT cells in addition to APCs (8). Subsequent work cloning murine TLR2, a receptor for bacterial lipopeptides, revealed constitutive TLR2 and TLR4 expression in T cells; TLR2 expression was further enhanced through T cell receptor (TCR) activation (9). F ...
Alterations of cell-mediated immunity following cardiac operations
Alterations of cell-mediated immunity following cardiac operations

... Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is known to induce an immune response whose nature has been increasingly elucidated during the recent decade. Clinically, patients usually show two to three of the four symptoms, which define the so-called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIR ...
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Immunomics

Immunomics is the study of immune system regulation and response to pathogens using genome-wide approaches. With the rise of genomic and proteomic technologies, scientists have been able to visualize biological networks and infer interrelationships between genes and/or proteins; recently, these technologies have been used to help better understand how the immune system functions and how it is regulated. Two thirds of the genome is active in one or more immune cell types and less than 1% of genes are uniquely expressed in a given type of cell. Therefore, it is critical that the expression patterns of these immune cell types be deciphered in the context of a network, and not as an individual, so that their roles be correctly characterized and related to one another. Defects of the immune system such as autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, and malignancies can benefit from genomic insights on pathological processes. For example, analyzing the systematic variation of gene expression can relate these patterns with specific diseases and gene networks important for immune functions.Traditionally, scientists studying the immune system have had to search for antigens on an individual basis and identify the protein sequence of these antigens (“epitopes”) that would stimulate an immune response. This procedure required that antigens be isolated from whole cells, digested into smaller fragments, and tested against T- and B-cells to observe T- and B- cell responses. These classical approaches could only visualize this system as a static condition and required a large amount of time and labor.Immunomics has made this approach easier by its ability to look at the immune system as a whole and characterize it as a dynamic model. It has revealed that some of the immune system’s most distinguishing features are the continuous motility, turnover, and plasticity of its constituent cells. In addition, current genomic technologies, like microarrays, can capture immune system gene expression over time and can trace interactions of microorganisms with cells of the innate immune system. New, proteomic approaches, including T-cell and B-cells-epitope mapping, can also accelerate the pace at which scientists discover antibody-antigen relationships.
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