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Nonspecific and Specific Immunity
Nonspecific and Specific Immunity

... • The mission of inflamation were completed by diluting, destroying or neutrilizing harmful agents(microbes and toxins) . • four classic signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat and pain. • Steps of inflammatory response: – Dilation of capillaries (hyperemia) to increase blood flow to area ...
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... muscle content, or atrophy, and fat infiltration are often reported in obese individuals [2,3]. In a separate population, elderly adults also exhibit a loss of muscle mass commonly referred to as sarcopenia [4]. Similarly, both of these populations are characterized by systemic inflammation [5,6]. H ...
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Lymphatic System

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Viruses, HIV, and Aids
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... rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis mouse models and has since been shown to be associated with various human diseases and disorders including autoimmune diseases, metabolic syndromes, neurodegenerative diseases, and other inflammatory diseases. The amplifier begins with IL‑17, which acts as ...
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... hronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide, resulting in an economic and social burden that is in continuous progression [1]. In recent decades, significant improvements have been made to our understanding of COPD pathogenesis. In particular, it ha ...
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File - Thrive in AP Psychology

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Chapter 14 - McConnell
Chapter 14 - McConnell

... hypothalamus and the pituitary gland to trigger the release of glucocorticoid stress hormones, such as cortisol, from the outer part of the adrenals. The three stages of the general adaptation syndrome, Hans Selye’s concept of the body’s response to stress, are alarm (temporary shock state in which ...
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Psychoneuroimmunology



Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), also referred to as psychoendoneuroimmunology (PENI), is the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body. PNI takes an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating psychology, neuroscience, immunology, physiology, genetics, pharmacology, molecular biology, psychiatry, behavioral medicine, infectious diseases, endocrinology, and rheumatology.The main interests of PNI are the interactions between the nervous and immune systems and the relationships between mental processes and health. PNI studies, among other things, the physiological functioning of the neuroimmune system in health and disease; disorders of the neuroimmune system (autoimmune diseases; hypersensitivities; immune deficiency); and the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the neuroimmune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.
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