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... activate transcription factors NF B, IRF, and STAT family members, we performed luciferase reporter assay. Bacterial RNAdependent activation of these transcription factors were normalized to the expression levels of Renilla construct cotransfected with the luciferase gene into cardiac cells (Figure ...
... activate transcription factors NF B, IRF, and STAT family members, we performed luciferase reporter assay. Bacterial RNAdependent activation of these transcription factors were normalized to the expression levels of Renilla construct cotransfected with the luciferase gene into cardiac cells (Figure ...
Bovine mammary gland
... 2) The contents of the gland are no longer being removed at regular intervals. 3) Teat end disinfection is stopped. 4) The factors of natural defense are only marginally elevated over normal milk levels during this potentially vulnerable period (first 3 d). 5) The phagocytic cells are occupied in th ...
... 2) The contents of the gland are no longer being removed at regular intervals. 3) Teat end disinfection is stopped. 4) The factors of natural defense are only marginally elevated over normal milk levels during this potentially vulnerable period (first 3 d). 5) The phagocytic cells are occupied in th ...
Antigen processing and presentation
... which translocates peptides from the cytoplasm into the ER. Prior to entering the ER, peptides are derived from the degradation of proteins, which can be of viral- or self origin. Degradation of proteins is mediated by cytosolic- and nuclear proteasomes, and the resulting peptides are translocated i ...
... which translocates peptides from the cytoplasm into the ER. Prior to entering the ER, peptides are derived from the degradation of proteins, which can be of viral- or self origin. Degradation of proteins is mediated by cytosolic- and nuclear proteasomes, and the resulting peptides are translocated i ...
A minimum of two distinct heritable factors are required to explain
... regulation and simultaneous control of division and death. Investigators, from as early as the 1950s, have used film and microscopy to observe and measure the kinetics of cell division in vitro (Absher & Cristofalo 1984; Collyn-D'Hooghe 1977; Dawson et al. 1965; Minor & Smith 1974; Powell 1955). The ...
... regulation and simultaneous control of division and death. Investigators, from as early as the 1950s, have used film and microscopy to observe and measure the kinetics of cell division in vitro (Absher & Cristofalo 1984; Collyn-D'Hooghe 1977; Dawson et al. 1965; Minor & Smith 1974; Powell 1955). The ...
Progesterone - Gynae Fertility
... substantial anti-abortive effects *J Szekeres-Bartho et al. The role of g/d T cells in progesterone-mediated immunomodulation during pregnancy: a review. Am J Reprod Immunolo 42(1999) ...
... substantial anti-abortive effects *J Szekeres-Bartho et al. The role of g/d T cells in progesterone-mediated immunomodulation during pregnancy: a review. Am J Reprod Immunolo 42(1999) ...
Intravaginal Zinc Oxide Tetrapod Nanoparticles as Novel
... erpes simplex virus-2 is an enveloped dsDNA virus. Globally, it is one of the most common human pathogens. HSV-2 has been found to cause mucosal, ocular, and neurologic infections; however, it typically causes genital infections (genital herpes) manifesting as severe lesions in and around the genita ...
... erpes simplex virus-2 is an enveloped dsDNA virus. Globally, it is one of the most common human pathogens. HSV-2 has been found to cause mucosal, ocular, and neurologic infections; however, it typically causes genital infections (genital herpes) manifesting as severe lesions in and around the genita ...
Topics for class test #4 1. Lower respiratory tract infections: a) name
... 2. Urinary tract infections: a) normal flora of human urethra and factors protecting from UTI b) name etiologic agents of urethritis (gonococcal and non-gonococcal), cystitis, nephritis, prostatitis – treatment options (groups of antimicrobials active against etiologic agents, resistance mechanisms ...
... 2. Urinary tract infections: a) normal flora of human urethra and factors protecting from UTI b) name etiologic agents of urethritis (gonococcal and non-gonococcal), cystitis, nephritis, prostatitis – treatment options (groups of antimicrobials active against etiologic agents, resistance mechanisms ...
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... Our interest in this subject arose out of similar experiments in this laboratory (Ruben, 1970), which involved implantation of lymphoreticular tumor foci along with normal tissues into the tails of larval Xenopus. These experiments had indicated that lymphocytic destruction of the normal tissue allo ...
... Our interest in this subject arose out of similar experiments in this laboratory (Ruben, 1970), which involved implantation of lymphoreticular tumor foci along with normal tissues into the tails of larval Xenopus. These experiments had indicated that lymphocytic destruction of the normal tissue allo ...
Common measures of immune function vary with time of day and
... done so at a coarse level, examining the impact of relatively long periods of handling stress on immune function (i.e. 30 min, 60 min or even 2.5 h after capture). Several of these studies reported a discernible difference in immune function between individuals sampled within 3 min of capture versus ...
... done so at a coarse level, examining the impact of relatively long periods of handling stress on immune function (i.e. 30 min, 60 min or even 2.5 h after capture). Several of these studies reported a discernible difference in immune function between individuals sampled within 3 min of capture versus ...
PAMP recognition and the plant-pathogen arms race
... commonest form of disease resistance in plants, and the infrequent change in the range of host species colonised by plant pathogens is indicative of its stability.(2,3) Non-host resistance is thought to rely on both pre-formed barriers, such as the waxy cuticle and cell wall, which physically impede ...
... commonest form of disease resistance in plants, and the infrequent change in the range of host species colonised by plant pathogens is indicative of its stability.(2,3) Non-host resistance is thought to rely on both pre-formed barriers, such as the waxy cuticle and cell wall, which physically impede ...
Inhibitory receptors on myeloid cells: New targets for therapy?
... The prototype immune inhibitory receptor (either an IgSR or C-type lectin) can be identified by a consensus amino acid sequence, the ITIM, which is present in the cytoplasmic domain of these receptors. The ITIM sequence is composed of 6 amino acids (Ile/Val/Leu/Ser)-XTyr-X-X-(Leu/Val), where X repres ...
... The prototype immune inhibitory receptor (either an IgSR or C-type lectin) can be identified by a consensus amino acid sequence, the ITIM, which is present in the cytoplasmic domain of these receptors. The ITIM sequence is composed of 6 amino acids (Ile/Val/Leu/Ser)-XTyr-X-X-(Leu/Val), where X repres ...
HIV-1 Persistence in Macrophage Reservoirs during Antiretroviral
... be found in macrophages from patients on extended cART therapy [21,22]. During late-stage disease, when CD4+ T cell counts drop to undetectable levels, HIV-1-infected macrophages continue to proliferate and are found at high levels in different tissue types [23]. Circulating monocytes (macrophage pr ...
... be found in macrophages from patients on extended cART therapy [21,22]. During late-stage disease, when CD4+ T cell counts drop to undetectable levels, HIV-1-infected macrophages continue to proliferate and are found at high levels in different tissue types [23]. Circulating monocytes (macrophage pr ...
Three-Dimensional Rotating Wall Vessel
... microgravity environment encountered in space and to investigate growth, regulatory and structural processes [14,15]. The RWV bioreactor was found to create a modeled microgravity, low fluid-shear environment that provides the necessary oxygenation and nutrients for development and polarization. In ...
... microgravity environment encountered in space and to investigate growth, regulatory and structural processes [14,15]. The RWV bioreactor was found to create a modeled microgravity, low fluid-shear environment that provides the necessary oxygenation and nutrients for development and polarization. In ...
Moderate Physical Exercise and Purinergic Signaling: The Impact of
... shown that during exercise, red blood cells may control coronary blood flow by releasing ATP in areas of low oxygen tension caused by increased myocardial oxygen extraction. This increase in ATP and its metabolite (ADP, AMP, and adenosine) concentrations in the bloodstream, although being released b ...
... shown that during exercise, red blood cells may control coronary blood flow by releasing ATP in areas of low oxygen tension caused by increased myocardial oxygen extraction. This increase in ATP and its metabolite (ADP, AMP, and adenosine) concentrations in the bloodstream, although being released b ...
TLR3 Signaling in Macrophages Is Indispensable for the
... IFN-γ has been suggested to play a critical role in the control of EV71 infection [8,12]. To determine the cellular resources of IFN-γ production after EV71 infection, we cultured splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice with EV71M and analyzed IFN-γ production in the culture supernatants. We observed that the ...
... IFN-γ has been suggested to play a critical role in the control of EV71 infection [8,12]. To determine the cellular resources of IFN-γ production after EV71 infection, we cultured splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice with EV71M and analyzed IFN-γ production in the culture supernatants. We observed that the ...
Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine
... carbohydrates from mucus glycans, as well as enzymes that remove modifications that make these host glycans otherwise resistant to degradation (O-acetylation of sialic acids and sulfation of glycosoaminoglycans) (23). These findings provide insights about how functional diversity and adaptability ar ...
... carbohydrates from mucus glycans, as well as enzymes that remove modifications that make these host glycans otherwise resistant to degradation (O-acetylation of sialic acids and sulfation of glycosoaminoglycans) (23). These findings provide insights about how functional diversity and adaptability ar ...
Examples of Supervisors and Research Projects (Wellcome)
... Immunity to TB infection: correlates of resistance and clearance in the human lung The role of endogenous inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis in regulation of the innate immune response to sepsis. Gene regulation in the immune system Transcriptional regulation of IL-10 versus proinflammatory cytoki ...
... Immunity to TB infection: correlates of resistance and clearance in the human lung The role of endogenous inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis in regulation of the innate immune response to sepsis. Gene regulation in the immune system Transcriptional regulation of IL-10 versus proinflammatory cytoki ...
Endocrine System Outline
... hormones circulating in the bloodstream. Only cells with lock and key matching receptors to the hormone will respond to the hormone. Those cells with matching receptors are called target cells. C. Pituitary Gland 1. Master gland - Certainly one of the most important endocrine glands in the body, the ...
... hormones circulating in the bloodstream. Only cells with lock and key matching receptors to the hormone will respond to the hormone. Those cells with matching receptors are called target cells. C. Pituitary Gland 1. Master gland - Certainly one of the most important endocrine glands in the body, the ...
Innate immune system
The innate immune system, also known as the nonspecific immune system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms. The cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way, but, unlike the adaptive immune system (which is found only in vertebrates), it does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host. Innate immune systems provide immediate defense against infection, and are found in all classes of plant and animal life. They include both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.The innate immune system is an evolutionarily older defense strategy, and is the dominant immune system found in plants, fungi, insects, and primitive multicellular organisms.The major functions of the vertebrate innate immune system include: Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators, called cytokines Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells, and promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead cells The identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, the blood and lymph, by specialised white blood cells Activation of the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation Acting as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents.↑ ↑ ↑