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the avian thrombocyte is a specialized immune cell
the avian thrombocyte is a specialized immune cell

Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic Dermatitis

Modulating impact of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone on the maturation
Modulating impact of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone on the maturation

... the Th1/Th2 paradigm is not as straightforward as previously thought [15, 16]. In general, Tregs have been detected in any circumstance where self-tolerance plays a determining role in fetal maintenance. Moreover, many study groups regard Tregs to be actively engaged, not only in the prevention of a ...
WCIT 2010-Invitation Letter1
WCIT 2010-Invitation Letter1

... across disciplinary breaking, from concept to therapy. It is anticipated over 500 global specialists to get together to present and share their cutting-edge technologies and up-to-date researches in an innovative and invigorating combination of presentations, symposia, discussions, panel discussion ...
Altered frequency and migration capacity of CD4
Altered frequency and migration capacity of CD4

Role and significance of the complement system in mucosal
Role and significance of the complement system in mucosal

Review - Jeffrey Gordon
Review - Jeffrey Gordon

... microbiome, is a reflection of evolutionary selection pressures acting at the level of the host and at the level of the microbial cell. The ecological rules that govern the shape of microbial diversity in the gut apply to mutualists and pathogens alike. Our intestinal tract is a nutrient-rich enviro ...
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from severe asthmatic
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from severe asthmatic

... blood monocytes that present TLR4/CD14/MD2 receptors --which are efficiently stimulated by LPS, as an important source of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as TNF-␣.22 Previous studies of asthmatic children showed an elevated concentration of this cytokine in bronchoalveolar lavage.23 Our data show no dif ...
Patterns of Infection:a Delicate Balance
Patterns of Infection:a Delicate Balance

Altitude, exercise and immune function
Altitude, exercise and immune function

... There have been numerous studies documenting the effect of a single bout of exercise on immune function (19,21,27). Generally, depending upon the exercise intensity, duration and training status of the individual, exercise has been shown to be a physical stressor that can transiently affect immune f ...
Decision-making critical amino acids: role in designing peptide
Decision-making critical amino acids: role in designing peptide

Chapter 28. Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism, Mechanism of
Chapter 28. Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism, Mechanism of

... TRANSPORT OF VITAMIN D IN THE BLOOD For the hormone 1,2S(OH),D to reach any of its target tissues, with the exception of the skin where it can be both produced and act locally as just described, vitamin D must be able to escape its synthetic site in the skin or it absorption site in the gut and be t ...
evolutionary causes and consequences of
evolutionary causes and consequences of

... critical to the induction of nearly all immune responses (Pfeffer 2003) and, along with other Type 1 cytokines, is important for control of microparasites. To kill these parasites as well as tumors (hence its name, tumor necrosis factor), TNF-α has a broad array of functions, including recruitment o ...
To what extent is the combined use of ipilimumab
To what extent is the combined use of ipilimumab

... found to be effective against lymphoma, started the era of chemotherapy. This compound acted as a model and triggered development of increasingly more effective alkylating agents that damage the DNA of rapidly growing cancerous cells, destroying them. Today, chemotherapy is improved and used in seve ...
Mechanisms of Salivary Gland Secretory Dysfunction in Sjögren`s
Mechanisms of Salivary Gland Secretory Dysfunction in Sjögren`s

... junction structure in salivary glands from SS patients, potentially resulting in secretory dysfunction (Ewert et al. 2010, ; Baker 2010). IL-18 and its inducer IL-12 are cytokines that play an important role in TH1 driven autoimmune responses and inflammatory tissue disease by activating IFN secreti ...
HIV DRUG RESISTANCE, CD4 AND VIRAL LOAD FACT SHEET
HIV DRUG RESISTANCE, CD4 AND VIRAL LOAD FACT SHEET

FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF EXOSOMES
FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF EXOSOMES

Pathogenesis of the Helicobacter Induced Mucosal Disease: A
Pathogenesis of the Helicobacter Induced Mucosal Disease: A

... This bacterium is one of the most prevalent in the world, but affects mostly the populations with a lower socioeconomical status. While it causes gastric and duodenal ulcers in only 20% of infected patients, less then 1% will develop gastric adenocarcinoma. In fact, H. pylori is the most important r ...
The ST2/IL-33 Axis in Immune Cells during Inflammatory Diseases
The ST2/IL-33 Axis in Immune Cells during Inflammatory Diseases

... cleaved via caspase-1, and cleavage is not necessary for secretion nor biological activity of released IL-33, further suggesting its role as an alarmin (73, 74). Surprisingly, caspase-1, caspase-3, or caspase-7 processing actually leads to IL-33 inactivation (75, 76). Inactivation of IL-33 via caspa ...
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Santambrogio, Laura
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Santambrogio, Laura

Lactobacillus acidophilus 48-1e TM
Lactobacillus acidophilus 48-1e TM

... The probiotic strains’ putative mechanisms of action against pathogenic microorganisms include the production of inhibitory compounds, competition with pathogens for adhesion sites or nutritional sources, inhibition of the production or action of bacterial toxins, ability to coaggregate with pathoge ...
interstitial fluid
interstitial fluid

gandhinamita
gandhinamita

... I have been blessed to be surrounded by people who have wanted me to achieve and be successful. Their support has elevated me and allowed me to persevere through this process of earning a PhD. First, I would like to thank my mentors, Michael Bennett and John Schatzle. I have been fortunate to have t ...
Understanding Endorphins
Understanding Endorphins

... Part two ...
Nestlé Purina PetCare PTC
Nestlé Purina PetCare PTC

... • The skin is the main organ of interaction with the external environment. • Provides a shield to the other protective systems. • Protective functions: - Physical barrier to the body - Immune defenses - Limits water loss - Prevents physical trauma ...
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Innate immune system



The innate immune system, also known as the nonspecific immune system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms. The cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way, but, unlike the adaptive immune system (which is found only in vertebrates), it does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host. Innate immune systems provide immediate defense against infection, and are found in all classes of plant and animal life. They include both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.The innate immune system is an evolutionarily older defense strategy, and is the dominant immune system found in plants, fungi, insects, and primitive multicellular organisms.The major functions of the vertebrate innate immune system include: Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators, called cytokines Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells, and promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead cells The identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, the blood and lymph, by specialised white blood cells Activation of the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation Acting as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents.↑ ↑ ↑
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