of the TLR2/MyD88 Pathway in Microglia by Group B Streptococci
... nition of pathogens is achieved in part through the germline encoded cell surface TLRs. To date, 13 TLR orthologs, of which 10 are expressed in humans, have been identified. TLRs recognize invariant molecular structures associated with pathogens (7). These microbial motifs include LPS, viral DNA, an ...
... nition of pathogens is achieved in part through the germline encoded cell surface TLRs. To date, 13 TLR orthologs, of which 10 are expressed in humans, have been identified. TLRs recognize invariant molecular structures associated with pathogens (7). These microbial motifs include LPS, viral DNA, an ...
Complement-targeted therapeutics
... via its thioester group initiates the cleavage of more C3 (the amplification loop via the final AP C3 convertase C3bBb), opsonization and phagocytosis, as well as lysis as a result of the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In addition, the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are released and tri ...
... via its thioester group initiates the cleavage of more C3 (the amplification loop via the final AP C3 convertase C3bBb), opsonization and phagocytosis, as well as lysis as a result of the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In addition, the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are released and tri ...
Reprint - Institute of Biochemistry - Goethe
... organisms of all three domains of life (eukarya, bacteria, and archaea).[24, 25] The proteasome contains a 20S (ca. 700 kDa) core composed of 28 subunits, which are arranged in four stacks of heptameric rings.[26, 27] The catalytic b subunits form the inner rings while the regulatory outer rings are ...
... organisms of all three domains of life (eukarya, bacteria, and archaea).[24, 25] The proteasome contains a 20S (ca. 700 kDa) core composed of 28 subunits, which are arranged in four stacks of heptameric rings.[26, 27] The catalytic b subunits form the inner rings while the regulatory outer rings are ...
Rheumatoid factors: what`s new?
... Cytokines, Fc receptors and rheumatoid factors Rheumatoid factors may be considered somewhat analogous in function to the soluble form of Fc receptors (Fc Rs) in specifically cross-linking with immune complexes. Fc Rs are normally expressed on selective cell types and, once bound to their targets, th ...
... Cytokines, Fc receptors and rheumatoid factors Rheumatoid factors may be considered somewhat analogous in function to the soluble form of Fc receptors (Fc Rs) in specifically cross-linking with immune complexes. Fc Rs are normally expressed on selective cell types and, once bound to their targets, th ...
Full-Text PDF
... molecules; (b) macrophage-like activity; (c) antigen presentation; and (d) regulation of leukocyte trafficking to the inflammation sites. Brain pericytes have been shown to act as immune cells by expressing receptors of the innate immune system (e.g., pattern recognition receptors or PRRs) including ...
... molecules; (b) macrophage-like activity; (c) antigen presentation; and (d) regulation of leukocyte trafficking to the inflammation sites. Brain pericytes have been shown to act as immune cells by expressing receptors of the innate immune system (e.g., pattern recognition receptors or PRRs) including ...
Mucosal Vaccines: Where Do We Stand?
... the epithelium and the submucosa. The area covered by mucosal surfaces in a human adult is about 400 m2, while the area covered by the skin is only about 2 m2. Antigen sampling strategies are adapted to the diverse epithelial barriers that cover mucosal surfaces throughout the body, but all involve ...
... the epithelium and the submucosa. The area covered by mucosal surfaces in a human adult is about 400 m2, while the area covered by the skin is only about 2 m2. Antigen sampling strategies are adapted to the diverse epithelial barriers that cover mucosal surfaces throughout the body, but all involve ...
Extracellular vesicles: biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities
... formed by the inward budding of the multivesicular body (MVB) membrane. Cargo sorting into exosomes involves the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) and other associated proteins such as programmed cell death 6 interacting protein (PDCD6IP; also known as ALIX) and tumour suscep ...
... formed by the inward budding of the multivesicular body (MVB) membrane. Cargo sorting into exosomes involves the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) and other associated proteins such as programmed cell death 6 interacting protein (PDCD6IP; also known as ALIX) and tumour suscep ...
Pseudomonas syringae Virulence Factor Syringolin A Counteracts
... immune system. As currently understood, it has two branches (Chisholm et al. 2006; Jones and Dangl 2006; Boller and Felix 2009; Cui et al. 2009). One branch concerns the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors located predominantly on the surfac ...
... immune system. As currently understood, it has two branches (Chisholm et al. 2006; Jones and Dangl 2006; Boller and Felix 2009; Cui et al. 2009). One branch concerns the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors located predominantly on the surfac ...
the role of intestinal epithelial cells and the regulation
... which normally maintain a mutually beneficial relationship with the host. The intestinal epithelium consists of a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) that provides a physical barrier as well as innate immune defense, preventing this vast community of microbes from entering host tissue ...
... which normally maintain a mutually beneficial relationship with the host. The intestinal epithelium consists of a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) that provides a physical barrier as well as innate immune defense, preventing this vast community of microbes from entering host tissue ...
High Level Expression of HLA-A*0203
... Monomer and Tetramer Loaded with Epstein-Barr Virus Peptide Qiantao Jia1, Lihui Xu2, Qingbing Zha1, Xiaoyun Chi1, Fengyao Li1 and Xianhui He1, 3 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramer technology is critical for characterization of antigen-specific T cells. In the present study we reported t ...
... Monomer and Tetramer Loaded with Epstein-Barr Virus Peptide Qiantao Jia1, Lihui Xu2, Qingbing Zha1, Xiaoyun Chi1, Fengyao Li1 and Xianhui He1, 3 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramer technology is critical for characterization of antigen-specific T cells. In the present study we reported t ...
Immunomodulatory effects of tick saliva
... Ticks are bloodsucking ectoparasites that cause great damage to host organisms, so these ectoparasites are of great importance in medicine and veterinary medicine. All the biological success achieved by ticks is due to the action of bioactive components present in their saliva, which are synthesized ...
... Ticks are bloodsucking ectoparasites that cause great damage to host organisms, so these ectoparasites are of great importance in medicine and veterinary medicine. All the biological success achieved by ticks is due to the action of bioactive components present in their saliva, which are synthesized ...
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from neovascular age
... of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). The aim of this study was to investigate the cytokine and chemokine expression and secretion profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from nAMD patients and the relationship between the cytokine/chemokine expression profile and cli ...
... of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). The aim of this study was to investigate the cytokine and chemokine expression and secretion profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from nAMD patients and the relationship between the cytokine/chemokine expression profile and cli ...
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Protein
... protein. Each cell lysate from 183A and 1483 cells was normalized for equivalent protein (2-3 mg/ml). Immune complexes were harvested from cell lysates as described for the immune complex kinase assay, and each precipitate was suspended in 0.1% Triton X-100 and 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.0. The suspension wa ...
... protein. Each cell lysate from 183A and 1483 cells was normalized for equivalent protein (2-3 mg/ml). Immune complexes were harvested from cell lysates as described for the immune complex kinase assay, and each precipitate was suspended in 0.1% Triton X-100 and 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.0. The suspension wa ...
Atopic Dermatitis
... mRNA and protein is observed, after which IL-4 expression declines to baseline levels. In contrast, IFN-γ mRNA expression is not detected in 24-h patch-test lesions, but is strongly overexpressed at the 48∼72 h time points. Interestingly, the increased expression of IFN-γ mRNA in atopic patch-test l ...
... mRNA and protein is observed, after which IL-4 expression declines to baseline levels. In contrast, IFN-γ mRNA expression is not detected in 24-h patch-test lesions, but is strongly overexpressed at the 48∼72 h time points. Interestingly, the increased expression of IFN-γ mRNA in atopic patch-test l ...
review article
... balance, the immune response is compromised and does not work effectively. Other key chemicals that are produced by the immune systems are macrophages, monocytes and granulocytes. These chemicals envelop, destroy and digest invading microorganisms and other antigens. Known generally as phagocytes, t ...
... balance, the immune response is compromised and does not work effectively. Other key chemicals that are produced by the immune systems are macrophages, monocytes and granulocytes. These chemicals envelop, destroy and digest invading microorganisms and other antigens. Known generally as phagocytes, t ...
Cross-Clade Protective Immune Responses to Influenza Viruses
... Background. Vaccination is a cost-effective counter-measure to the threat of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza. To address the need for improved influenza vaccines and alternatives to egg-based manufacturing, we have engineered an influenza virus-like particle (VLP) as a new generation of ...
... Background. Vaccination is a cost-effective counter-measure to the threat of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza. To address the need for improved influenza vaccines and alternatives to egg-based manufacturing, we have engineered an influenza virus-like particle (VLP) as a new generation of ...
The role of heat shock proteins in reproduction
... have been identified as a critical component of a very complex and highly conserved cellular defence mechanism to preserve cell survival under adverse environmental conditions. HSP are preferentially expressed in response to an array of insults, including hyperthermia, free oxygen radicals, heavy me ...
... have been identified as a critical component of a very complex and highly conserved cellular defence mechanism to preserve cell survival under adverse environmental conditions. HSP are preferentially expressed in response to an array of insults, including hyperthermia, free oxygen radicals, heavy me ...
Stem Cell Research
... Early stages in the development of the human embryo Deriving NTS cells Deriving PS cells UK regulatory pathway for health research Cell culture ...
... Early stages in the development of the human embryo Deriving NTS cells Deriving PS cells UK regulatory pathway for health research Cell culture ...
Innate immune system
The innate immune system, also known as the nonspecific immune system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms. The cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way, but, unlike the adaptive immune system (which is found only in vertebrates), it does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host. Innate immune systems provide immediate defense against infection, and are found in all classes of plant and animal life. They include both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.The innate immune system is an evolutionarily older defense strategy, and is the dominant immune system found in plants, fungi, insects, and primitive multicellular organisms.The major functions of the vertebrate innate immune system include: Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators, called cytokines Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells, and promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead cells The identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, the blood and lymph, by specialised white blood cells Activation of the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation Acting as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents.↑ ↑ ↑