African horse sickness
... Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, 2007 ...
... Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, 2007 ...
Respirator Inventory Assessment Tool
... Compare your results from Steps 1 and 2 with your results from Step 3. Using this information as well as other planning considerations (listed below), determine if a shortage of respirators exists or is anticipated. Per the CDC Interim Guidance, where a shortage of respirators exists despite reasona ...
... Compare your results from Steps 1 and 2 with your results from Step 3. Using this information as well as other planning considerations (listed below), determine if a shortage of respirators exists or is anticipated. Per the CDC Interim Guidance, where a shortage of respirators exists despite reasona ...
Avian Gyrovirus 2 and Avirulent Newcastle Disease Virus Coinfection in... Flock with Neurologic Symptoms and High Mortalities
... Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa Received 3 September 2013; Accepted 31 October 2013; Published ahead of print 4 November 2013 SUMMARY. A disease with severe neurologic symptoms caused 100% mortality in a small broiler operation in the Gauteng Province, South Africa in late March 2013. Routine diag ...
... Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa Received 3 September 2013; Accepted 31 October 2013; Published ahead of print 4 November 2013 SUMMARY. A disease with severe neurologic symptoms caused 100% mortality in a small broiler operation in the Gauteng Province, South Africa in late March 2013. Routine diag ...
The elusive definition of pandemic influenza
... Text most resembling a definition of pandemic influenza: “At unpredictable intervals, however, novel influenza viruses emerge with a key surface antigen (the haemagglutinin) of a totally different sub-type from strains circulating the year before. This phenomenon is called “antigenic shift”. If such ...
... Text most resembling a definition of pandemic influenza: “At unpredictable intervals, however, novel influenza viruses emerge with a key surface antigen (the haemagglutinin) of a totally different sub-type from strains circulating the year before. This phenomenon is called “antigenic shift”. If such ...
How I treat respiratory viral infections in the setting of
... receiving chemotherapy or transplant.30 A recent meta-analysis of nonrandomized studies suggested a possible effect of oral ribavirin; however, lack of randomized controls was a limitation in all studies.31 A randomized trial comparing oral and aerosolized ribavirin in HCT recipients is ongoing.32 I ...
... receiving chemotherapy or transplant.30 A recent meta-analysis of nonrandomized studies suggested a possible effect of oral ribavirin; however, lack of randomized controls was a limitation in all studies.31 A randomized trial comparing oral and aerosolized ribavirin in HCT recipients is ongoing.32 I ...
4.7 INFLUENZA 4.7.1 Virology 4.7.2 Clinical features 4.7.3
... 4.7 INFLUENZA 4.7.1 Virology The influenza viruses are single-stranded RNA orthomyxoviruses. They are classified antigenically as types A, B or C, but generally only influenza A and B cause severe disease in humans.1 Influenza viruses possess two surface glycoprotein antigens: the haemagglutinin (H) ...
... 4.7 INFLUENZA 4.7.1 Virology The influenza viruses are single-stranded RNA orthomyxoviruses. They are classified antigenically as types A, B or C, but generally only influenza A and B cause severe disease in humans.1 Influenza viruses possess two surface glycoprotein antigens: the haemagglutinin (H) ...
Association of Tonate Virus (Subtype IIIB of the Venezuelan Equine
... Although Tonate virus was first isolated 125 years ago, very little is known about its virulence. This first reported fatal case of encephalitis due to Tonate virus demonstrates that this virus may be neurovirulent and that it should not be considered, as it used to be [3], as being responsible for ...
... Although Tonate virus was first isolated 125 years ago, very little is known about its virulence. This first reported fatal case of encephalitis due to Tonate virus demonstrates that this virus may be neurovirulent and that it should not be considered, as it used to be [3], as being responsible for ...
General Properties of Viruses
... Virus attaches to the cell surface. Attachment is via ionic interactions which are temperatureindependent. Viral attachment protein recognizes specific receptors on the cell surface (These may be protein or carbohydrate or lipid components of the cell surface). Cells without the appropriate receptor ...
... Virus attaches to the cell surface. Attachment is via ionic interactions which are temperatureindependent. Viral attachment protein recognizes specific receptors on the cell surface (These may be protein or carbohydrate or lipid components of the cell surface). Cells without the appropriate receptor ...
Mechanism of Neutralization of Influenza Virus
... hemagglutinin low pH fusogenic transition. Virology 294, 70–74. Bizebard, T., Daniels, R., Kahn, R., Golinelli-Pimpaneau, B., Skehel, J. J., and Knossow, M. (1994). Refined three-dimensional structure of the Fab fragment of a murine IgG1, antibody. Acta Crystallogr. D 50, ...
... hemagglutinin low pH fusogenic transition. Virology 294, 70–74. Bizebard, T., Daniels, R., Kahn, R., Golinelli-Pimpaneau, B., Skehel, J. J., and Knossow, M. (1994). Refined three-dimensional structure of the Fab fragment of a murine IgG1, antibody. Acta Crystallogr. D 50, ...
Pandemic
... – Advocacy for high level support is needed. The Ministry of Health should take the technical lead on this effort. – Communication strategies for community involvement in pandemic preparedness should be developed by each Member State. ...
... – Advocacy for high level support is needed. The Ministry of Health should take the technical lead on this effort. – Communication strategies for community involvement in pandemic preparedness should be developed by each Member State. ...
The Practice of Clinical Virology: Virus Taxonomy
... It should be taken into account that viruses are often morphologically differentiated by shape, namely icosahedral, helical and complex shapes. Viruses can be named after the causative disease; after places where the disease was first reported; by means of the identified host; using scientific and d ...
... It should be taken into account that viruses are often morphologically differentiated by shape, namely icosahedral, helical and complex shapes. Viruses can be named after the causative disease; after places where the disease was first reported; by means of the identified host; using scientific and d ...
The Global Network for Avian Influenza Surveillance Act (GNAIS
... Asia, Africa, and Europe. i Avian influenza viruses primarily affect birds, but certain strains of these bird viruses can be infectious to other species including pigs and humans. ii Already, the World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed that there have been more than 200 cases of human infectio ...
... Asia, Africa, and Europe. i Avian influenza viruses primarily affect birds, but certain strains of these bird viruses can be infectious to other species including pigs and humans. ii Already, the World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed that there have been more than 200 cases of human infectio ...
The Circular, Segmented Nucleocaspid of an Arenavirus
... observed electron-dense material inside the particles that appeared to be supercoiled strands of indeterminate length (data not shown). These initial studies immediately suggested to us that TAC virus might contain a helical nucleocapsid structure. Therefore, experiments were designed to assess thes ...
... observed electron-dense material inside the particles that appeared to be supercoiled strands of indeterminate length (data not shown). These initial studies immediately suggested to us that TAC virus might contain a helical nucleocapsid structure. Therefore, experiments were designed to assess thes ...
Crossing the scale from within-host infection dynamics to between
... infectiousness as function of pathogen load alone. While pathogen load and symptoms are closely correlated (see e.g. [73–75] for influenza), the ability to map symptoms back onto pathogen load will likely not work in general. Returning to influenza as our example, analyses of data from ferret infect ...
... infectiousness as function of pathogen load alone. While pathogen load and symptoms are closely correlated (see e.g. [73–75] for influenza), the ability to map symptoms back onto pathogen load will likely not work in general. Returning to influenza as our example, analyses of data from ferret infect ...
Shapes of Viruses
... budding process through a cellular membrane, Viruses-encoded glycoproteins are exposed on the surface of the envelope. Not all viruses have the envelope, and viruses can be divided into 2 kinds: enveloped virus and naked virus. ...
... budding process through a cellular membrane, Viruses-encoded glycoproteins are exposed on the surface of the envelope. Not all viruses have the envelope, and viruses can be divided into 2 kinds: enveloped virus and naked virus. ...
Infectious diseases DNA viruses
... How Do Viruses Reproduce? Viruses reproduce via three basic steps. 1. Viruses deliver their genomes into a host cell. 2. Viruses commandeer the host cell transcription and translation machineries and utilize host cell building blocks to copy viral genomes and synthesize viral proteins. 3. Viral gen ...
... How Do Viruses Reproduce? Viruses reproduce via three basic steps. 1. Viruses deliver their genomes into a host cell. 2. Viruses commandeer the host cell transcription and translation machineries and utilize host cell building blocks to copy viral genomes and synthesize viral proteins. 3. Viral gen ...
Document
... How Do Viruses Reproduce? Viruses reproduce via three basic steps. 1. Viruses deliver their genomes into a host cell. 2. Viruses commandeer the host cell transcription and translation machineries and utilize host cell building blocks to copy viral genomes and synthesize viral proteins. 3. Viral gen ...
... How Do Viruses Reproduce? Viruses reproduce via three basic steps. 1. Viruses deliver their genomes into a host cell. 2. Viruses commandeer the host cell transcription and translation machineries and utilize host cell building blocks to copy viral genomes and synthesize viral proteins. 3. Viral gen ...
GM-CSF in the Lung Protects against Lethal
... pandemic. The tremendous human burden of influenza mandates improved methods to prevent and treat this infection. Control and clearance of influenza infection are believed to hinge on adaptive immunity, mediated by B and T cells. B cells produce antibodies to influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidas ...
... pandemic. The tremendous human burden of influenza mandates improved methods to prevent and treat this infection. Control and clearance of influenza infection are believed to hinge on adaptive immunity, mediated by B and T cells. B cells produce antibodies to influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidas ...
Healthcare workers handbook on Influenza in SA
... Infection due to influenza viruses can give rise to a wide range of clinical presentations, ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe illness and death. In the majority of people, influenza is an uncomplicated illness which is characterised by sudden onset of constitutional and respiratory sympt ...
... Infection due to influenza viruses can give rise to a wide range of clinical presentations, ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe illness and death. In the majority of people, influenza is an uncomplicated illness which is characterised by sudden onset of constitutional and respiratory sympt ...
Electronic Journal of Differential Equations, Vol. 2011 (2011), No. 155,... ISSN: 1072-6691. URL: or
... suppression) are prone to increased risk of death and ICU admission [25, 38]. In the Canadian province of Manitoba, Aboriginals and people residing in remote and isolated communities are at increased risk of severe illness due to the pandemic H1N1 infection [40]. Like in the case of seasonal flu, th ...
... suppression) are prone to increased risk of death and ICU admission [25, 38]. In the Canadian province of Manitoba, Aboriginals and people residing in remote and isolated communities are at increased risk of severe illness due to the pandemic H1N1 infection [40]. Like in the case of seasonal flu, th ...
The spread of pathogens through trade in poultry hatching eggs
... Newcastle disease (ND) is defined by the OIE as an infection of poultry caused by a virus (NDV) of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1) that meets the criteria for virulence described in the Terrestrial Code (115). It has been suggested that the spread of ND from one bird to another occurs primar ...
... Newcastle disease (ND) is defined by the OIE as an infection of poultry caused by a virus (NDV) of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1) that meets the criteria for virulence described in the Terrestrial Code (115). It has been suggested that the spread of ND from one bird to another occurs primar ...
Prior Planning Prevents Pandemic Pandemonium
... During a sneeze, millions of tiny droplets of water, mucus, and virus particles are expelled at 200 mph. ...
... During a sneeze, millions of tiny droplets of water, mucus, and virus particles are expelled at 200 mph. ...
Isolation and physiological characterization of a novel virus infecting
... Recent studies have shown the importance of viruses as potential sources of plankton mortality, which affect primary production and biogeochemical functions of their hosts. Here, we report basic characteristics of a novel virus (Stephanopyxis palmeriana virus: SpalV) that causes lysis of a culture o ...
... Recent studies have shown the importance of viruses as potential sources of plankton mortality, which affect primary production and biogeochemical functions of their hosts. Here, we report basic characteristics of a novel virus (Stephanopyxis palmeriana virus: SpalV) that causes lysis of a culture o ...
Influenza Vaccine Facts - Quality Improvement Organizations
... • FALSE! – The flu is a respiratory (lung) disease, not a stomach or intestinal disease. The main symptoms of the flu are fever (usually high), headache, extreme tiredness, dry cough, sore throat and muscle aches. Stomach symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, also can occur but are more ...
... • FALSE! – The flu is a respiratory (lung) disease, not a stomach or intestinal disease. The main symptoms of the flu are fever (usually high), headache, extreme tiredness, dry cough, sore throat and muscle aches. Stomach symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, also can occur but are more ...
Influenza virus infectious A/Shangdong/9/93
... might enter the eyes, for example, by the use of suitable gloves and an eye shield. Take care that no material is lost from the ampoule and no glass falls into the ampoule. Within the ampoule is dry nitrogen gas at slightly less than atmospheric pressure. A new disposable ampoule breaker is provided ...
... might enter the eyes, for example, by the use of suitable gloves and an eye shield. Take care that no material is lost from the ampoule and no glass falls into the ampoule. Within the ampoule is dry nitrogen gas at slightly less than atmospheric pressure. A new disposable ampoule breaker is provided ...
Influenza
Influenza, commonly known as ""the flu"", is an infectious disease caused by the influenza virus. Symptoms can be mild to severe. The most common symptoms include: a high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing, and feeling tired. These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week. The cough, however, may last for more than two weeks. In children there may be nausea and vomiting but these are not common in adults. Nausea and vomiting occur more commonly in the unrelated infection gastroenteritis, which is sometimes inaccurately referred to as ""stomach flu"" or ""24-hour flu"". Complications of influenza may include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinus infections, and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure.Three types of influenza affect people. Usually, the virus is spread through the air from coughs or sneezes. This is believed to occur mostly over relatively short distances. It can also be spread by touching surfaces contaminated by the virus and then touching the mouth or eyes. A person may be infectious to others both before and during the time they are sick. The infection may be confirmed by testing the throat, sputum, or nose for the virus. A number of rapid tests are available; however, people may still have the infection if the results are negative. A type of polymerase chain reaction that detects the virus's RNA is more accurate.Frequent hand washing reduces the risk of infection because the virus is inactivated by soap. Wearing a surgical mask is also useful. Yearly vaccinations against influenza are recommended by the World Health Organization for those at high risk. The vaccine is usually effective against three or four types of influenza. It is usually well tolerated. A vaccine made for one year may not be useful in the following year, since the virus evolves rapidly. Antiviral drugs such as the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir among others have been used to treat influenza. Their benefits in those who are otherwise healthy do not appear to be greater than their risks. No benefit has been found in those with other health problems.Influenza spreads around the world in a yearly outbreak, resulting in about three to five million cases of severe illness and about 250,000 to 500,000 deaths. In the Northern and Southern parts of the world outbreaks occur mainly in winter while in areas around the equator outbreaks may occur at any time of the year. Death occurs mostly in the young, the old and those with other health problems. Larger outbreaks known as pandemics are less frequent. In the 20th century three influenza pandemics occurred: Spanish influenza in 1918, Asian influenza in 1958, and Hong Kong influenza in 1968, each resulting in more than a million deaths. The World Health Organization declared an outbreak of a new type of influenza A/H1N1 to be a pandemic in June 2009. Influenza may also affect other animals, including pigs, horses and birds.