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Invited Review Probiotics
... barrier. One study has shown that infected pancreatic necrosis is nearly always preceded by colonization of the patient’s colon with non–E coli Gramnegative organisms.28 It is known from abundant clinical experience that pancreatic necrosis becomes infected in approximately 25% of patients after 1 w ...
... barrier. One study has shown that infected pancreatic necrosis is nearly always preceded by colonization of the patient’s colon with non–E coli Gramnegative organisms.28 It is known from abundant clinical experience that pancreatic necrosis becomes infected in approximately 25% of patients after 1 w ...
Six minute corridor walk test as an outcome measure for the
... effects of treatment on mortality usually requires large, long-term trials and, when adequately powered, provides robust evidence of the presence and magnitude of effect. It is generally accepted that there are no adequate surrogate measures for mortality. Evaluating well being in patients with hear ...
... effects of treatment on mortality usually requires large, long-term trials and, when adequately powered, provides robust evidence of the presence and magnitude of effect. It is generally accepted that there are no adequate surrogate measures for mortality. Evaluating well being in patients with hear ...
60x36 Poster Template - Catawba Valley Medical Center
... aromatherapy for the treatment of PONV. They recognized a need for a multidisciplinary approach and recruited CRNAs and PACU nurses to the research team. ...
... aromatherapy for the treatment of PONV. They recognized a need for a multidisciplinary approach and recruited CRNAs and PACU nurses to the research team. ...
Health Care Professional Information Sheet
... progressive myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and/or mixed astigmatism; ocular disease; previous corneal or intraocular surgery, or trauma in the ablation zone; corneal abnormalities including, but not limited to, scars, irregular astigmatism and corneal warpage; residual corneal thickness after ablati ...
... progressive myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and/or mixed astigmatism; ocular disease; previous corneal or intraocular surgery, or trauma in the ablation zone; corneal abnormalities including, but not limited to, scars, irregular astigmatism and corneal warpage; residual corneal thickness after ablati ...
A Systematic Review of Autohemotherapy as a Treatment for
... autohemotherapy due to a lack of supporting evidence, even though there had been no formal attempts to assess its effectiveness. Recently, several investigators have evaluated autohemotherapy as a treatment for urticaria and eczema. I conducted a systematic review of the literature on autohemotherap ...
... autohemotherapy due to a lack of supporting evidence, even though there had been no formal attempts to assess its effectiveness. Recently, several investigators have evaluated autohemotherapy as a treatment for urticaria and eczema. I conducted a systematic review of the literature on autohemotherap ...
Nedocromil sodium in the treatment of exercise-induced asthma: a meta-analysis C. Spooner
... postexercise fall of $10% in either the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), or the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) compared with pre-exercise baselines, is considered diagnostic [2, 3]. An episode of EIA is associated with various symptoms e.g. cough, wheeze, shortness of breath, chest t ...
... postexercise fall of $10% in either the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), or the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) compared with pre-exercise baselines, is considered diagnostic [2, 3]. An episode of EIA is associated with various symptoms e.g. cough, wheeze, shortness of breath, chest t ...
bayesian sequential monitoring designs for single
... continuous variables by discretizing them, for example, replacing the time T of disease progression by the indicator of the event [T ~ s] for a particular fixed s, or more generally by [SI ~ T < 82] and [T ~ 82] if 81 < 52 are clinically important times. Let i = 1, 2, ... index patients, j = 1, ... ...
... continuous variables by discretizing them, for example, replacing the time T of disease progression by the indicator of the event [T ~ s] for a particular fixed s, or more generally by [SI ~ T < 82] and [T ~ 82] if 81 < 52 are clinically important times. Let i = 1, 2, ... index patients, j = 1, ... ...
Avastin - Scottish Medicines Consortium
... In treatment subgroup comparisons the median PFS for B-FOLFOX-4 and P-FOLFOX-4 was 9.4 and 8.6 months respectively (HR=0.89, 97.5% CI 0.73 to 1.08) and for B-Cape Ox and P-Cape Ox was 9.3 and 7.4 months respectively (HR=0.77, 97.5% CI 0.63 to 0.94). There was a trend for OS being longer for the che ...
... In treatment subgroup comparisons the median PFS for B-FOLFOX-4 and P-FOLFOX-4 was 9.4 and 8.6 months respectively (HR=0.89, 97.5% CI 0.73 to 1.08) and for B-Cape Ox and P-Cape Ox was 9.3 and 7.4 months respectively (HR=0.77, 97.5% CI 0.63 to 0.94). There was a trend for OS being longer for the che ...
Major Clinical Trial - University of Kelaniya
... a shift in the modified Rankin Scale. Secondary outcomes were modified Rankin Scale dichotomy, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale improvement, difference in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale total and motor scores, Barthel index, and mini-mental state examination. Planned subgroup a ...
... a shift in the modified Rankin Scale. Secondary outcomes were modified Rankin Scale dichotomy, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale improvement, difference in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale total and motor scores, Barthel index, and mini-mental state examination. Planned subgroup a ...
full prescribing information
... Based on the pharmacologic activity and findings in animals, GATTEX has the potential to cause hyperplastic changes including neoplasia. In patients at increased risk for malignancy, the clinical decision to use GATTEX should be considered only if the benefits outweigh the risks. In patients with ac ...
... Based on the pharmacologic activity and findings in animals, GATTEX has the potential to cause hyperplastic changes including neoplasia. In patients at increased risk for malignancy, the clinical decision to use GATTEX should be considered only if the benefits outweigh the risks. In patients with ac ...
Global Oncology Trials: Planning For Success
... Because standards of care, comparator medicines access, and diagnostic testing capabilities — among other trial components — will vary from nation to nation, all late-phase protocols should be evaluated for regional- and country-specific feasibility. Depending on the trial size and indication, a CRO ...
... Because standards of care, comparator medicines access, and diagnostic testing capabilities — among other trial components — will vary from nation to nation, all late-phase protocols should be evaluated for regional- and country-specific feasibility. Depending on the trial size and indication, a CRO ...
Results in PLOS NTDs (2009)
... Background: Current therapies for cutaneous leishmaniasis are limited by poor efficacy, long-term course of treatment, and the development of resistance. We evaluated if pentavalent antimony (an anti-parasitic drug) combined with imiquimod (an immunomodulator) was more effective than pentavalent ant ...
... Background: Current therapies for cutaneous leishmaniasis are limited by poor efficacy, long-term course of treatment, and the development of resistance. We evaluated if pentavalent antimony (an anti-parasitic drug) combined with imiquimod (an immunomodulator) was more effective than pentavalent ant ...
Type I error for a chi-square test when the response probability
... However, the conservative nature of the Chi-square test in such cases would result in a reduced power under the assumption of homogeneous treatment effect (i.e., same odds ratio irrespective of the change). Theoretically, the CMH test with the stratum before and after change is preferred when the res ...
... However, the conservative nature of the Chi-square test in such cases would result in a reduced power under the assumption of homogeneous treatment effect (i.e., same odds ratio irrespective of the change). Theoretically, the CMH test with the stratum before and after change is preferred when the res ...
Clinical Commissioning Policy: Treatment of Acute Attacks in Hereditary Angioedema
... part of HAE for the purposes of this definition. It is a much rarer condition which may represent 10% of the C1inhibitor deficient population, but many of these people may be cured and will not need to use the acute treatments described in this policy. Most people with AAE are effectively cured by t ...
... part of HAE for the purposes of this definition. It is a much rarer condition which may represent 10% of the C1inhibitor deficient population, but many of these people may be cured and will not need to use the acute treatments described in this policy. Most people with AAE are effectively cured by t ...
Bosentan added to sildenafil therapy in patients with pulmonary
... The primary analysis was based on data from all randomised patients following the intention-to-treat principle. All time-to-event end-point analyses were displayed using Kaplan–Meier plots and the difference between the groups was tested for significance using the log-rank test. The proportion of pa ...
... The primary analysis was based on data from all randomised patients following the intention-to-treat principle. All time-to-event end-point analyses were displayed using Kaplan–Meier plots and the difference between the groups was tested for significance using the log-rank test. The proportion of pa ...
Community Based Treatment and Care for Drug Use and Dependence
... UNODC: Promoting Community-based Treatment for Drug Use Disorders Drug use disorders are health conditions that can affect any individual, family and community. Yet misperceptions, fears of social and legal consequences, and discrimination all tend to keep people away from the services they need. O ...
... UNODC: Promoting Community-based Treatment for Drug Use Disorders Drug use disorders are health conditions that can affect any individual, family and community. Yet misperceptions, fears of social and legal consequences, and discrimination all tend to keep people away from the services they need. O ...
Indirect comparisons for single-arm trials or trials without
... first all–oral regimens vs. current standards of care, a head to head trial is not required to demonstrate superiority vs. the current standard of care ...
... first all–oral regimens vs. current standards of care, a head to head trial is not required to demonstrate superiority vs. the current standard of care ...
Effectiveness of oral moxifloxacin in standard first-line therapy in community-acquired pneumonia
... the study who had received at least one dose of the study drug and whose essential data was complete (e.g. clinical evaluation at test of cure). The perprotocol (PP) population included patients matching the ITT criteria, who had a confirmed diagnosis of CAP and who had received study medication for ...
... the study who had received at least one dose of the study drug and whose essential data was complete (e.g. clinical evaluation at test of cure). The perprotocol (PP) population included patients matching the ITT criteria, who had a confirmed diagnosis of CAP and who had received study medication for ...
(vestibular neuritis).
... measures (generic, or disease specific, or both). Patient-reported adverse events: severe and minor. A severe adverse event is defined as resulting in a patient discontinuing the medication and withdrawing from the study. A minor adverse event is defined as a side effect experienced by the patie ...
... measures (generic, or disease specific, or both). Patient-reported adverse events: severe and minor. A severe adverse event is defined as resulting in a patient discontinuing the medication and withdrawing from the study. A minor adverse event is defined as a side effect experienced by the patie ...
LMS Investigator Initiation Slides
... A patient is considered off study treatment when the patient has recurred or died, a nonprotocol drug or therapy (directed at the disease) is initiated or all study therapy is totally discontinued ...
... A patient is considered off study treatment when the patient has recurred or died, a nonprotocol drug or therapy (directed at the disease) is initiated or all study therapy is totally discontinued ...
Evaluation of a Therapeutic Alternative for Telogen Effluvium: A Pilot
... Background/Aim: Telogen effluvium (TE) is a scalp disorder characterized by the thinning or shedding of hair resulting from the early entry of hair in the telogen phase. Nigella sativa (NS) is a dicotyledonous belonging to the Ranunculacae family. It has been shown that its major constituent, tymoqu ...
... Background/Aim: Telogen effluvium (TE) is a scalp disorder characterized by the thinning or shedding of hair resulting from the early entry of hair in the telogen phase. Nigella sativa (NS) is a dicotyledonous belonging to the Ranunculacae family. It has been shown that its major constituent, tymoqu ...
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... The Panel closed fifty-eight research studies during the year 2005. Twenty-one Independent studies were closed, of which eighteen were human studies and three were non-human studies. Thirty-four Multicenter Clinical Drug Trial studies were closed. Three Drug Abuse Treatment studies were closed .. At ...
... The Panel closed fifty-eight research studies during the year 2005. Twenty-one Independent studies were closed, of which eighteen were human studies and three were non-human studies. Thirty-four Multicenter Clinical Drug Trial studies were closed. Three Drug Abuse Treatment studies were closed .. At ...
The effect of montelukast on respiratory symptoms and lung function... infants Anna S Pelkonen, MD, PhD,
... at least three “asthma-like” episodes were treated with montelukast or placebo for a 6 week period. One-half of the patients were already being treated with ICSs. That study was primarily intended to evaluate safety. There were no differences in adverse effects in study groups. There were no signifi ...
... at least three “asthma-like” episodes were treated with montelukast or placebo for a 6 week period. One-half of the patients were already being treated with ICSs. That study was primarily intended to evaluate safety. There were no differences in adverse effects in study groups. There were no signifi ...
Does a single dose of the phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, cilomilast
... cross-over treatment with cilomilast or placebo (visit 3 and 4); period 2, consisting of open label treatment with cilomilast and co-administration with other bronchodilators (visits 5, 6 and 7); and safety follow-up (visit 8, Fig. 1). At the first visit in- and exclusion criteria were checked. To t ...
... cross-over treatment with cilomilast or placebo (visit 3 and 4); period 2, consisting of open label treatment with cilomilast and co-administration with other bronchodilators (visits 5, 6 and 7); and safety follow-up (visit 8, Fig. 1). At the first visit in- and exclusion criteria were checked. To t ...
Sample slide presentation on Chelation Therapy
... therapy is in the form of case reports and case series. Approximately 12 published descriptive studies and 5 randomized controlled clinical trials regarding the use of EDTA chelation for CAD. Although each descriptive study did report a reduction in angina, they were uncontrolled clinical observatio ...
... therapy is in the form of case reports and case series. Approximately 12 published descriptive studies and 5 randomized controlled clinical trials regarding the use of EDTA chelation for CAD. Although each descriptive study did report a reduction in angina, they were uncontrolled clinical observatio ...
Placebo-controlled study
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cebocap.jpg?width=300)
Placebo-controlled studies are a way of testing a medical therapy in which, in addition to a group of subjects that receives the treatment to be evaluated, a separate control group receives a sham ""placebo"" treatment which is specifically designed to have no real effect. Placebos are most commonly used in blinded trials, where subjects do not know whether they are receiving real or placebo treatment. Often, there is also a further ""natural history"" group that does not receive any treatment at all.The purpose of the placebo group is to account for the placebo effect, that is, effects from treatment that do not depend on the treatment itself. Such factors include knowing one is receiving a treatment, attention from health care professionals, and the expectations of a treatment's effectiveness by those running the research study. Without a placebo group to compare against, it is not possible to know whether the treatment itself had any effect.Patients frequently show improvement even when given a sham or ""fake"" treatment. Such intentionally inert placebo treatments can take many forms, such as a pill containing only sugar, a surgery where nothing efficacious is actually done (just an incision and sometimes some minor touching or handling of the underlying structures), or a medical device (such as an ultrasound machine) that is not actually turned on. Also, due to the body's natural healing ability and statistical effects such as regression to the mean, many patients will get better even when given no treatment at all. Thus, the relevant question when assessing a treatment is not ""does the treatment work?"" but ""does the treatment work better than a placebo treatment, or no treatment at all?"" As one early clinical trial researcher wrote, ""the first object of a therapeutic trial is to discover whether the patients who receive the treatment under investigation are cured more rapidly, more completely or more frequently, than they would have been without it.""p.195 More broadly, the aim of a clinical trial is to determine what treatments, delivered in what circumstances, to which patients, in what conditions, are the most effective.Therefore, the use of placebos is a standard control component of most clinical trials, which attempt to make some sort of quantitative assessment of the efficacy of medicinal drugs or treatments. Such a test or clinical trial is called a placebo-controlled study, and its control is of the negative type. A study whose control is a previously tested treatment, rather than no treatment, is called a positive-control study, because its control is of the positive type.Government regulatory agencies approve new drugs only after tests establish not only that patients respond to them, but also that their effect is greater than that of a placebo (by way of affecting more patients, by affecting responders more strongly, or both). As a result, ""placebo-controlled studies often are designed in such a way that disadvantages the placebo condition"".