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12.1 Electricity at Home (Pages 485
12.1 Electricity at Home (Pages 485

... • Electrical energy is always generated from another source of energy. • In direct current, charged particles travel through a circuit in only one direction. In alternating current, electrons move back and forth in a circuit. • Alternating current is generated when a magnet and a coil of wire are mo ...
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... result of their Maxwellian velocity distribution, sufficient kinetic energy after they have left the cathode to surmount the anode field and reach the anode. The emitted electrons first form round the cathode an electron cloud from which slow-moving electrons rebound and can thus return to the catho ...
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Mercury-arc valve



A mercury-arc valve or mercury-vapor rectifier or (UK) mercury-arc rectifier is a type of electrical rectifier used for converting high-voltage or high-current alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). It is a type of cold cathode gas-filled tube, but is unusual in that the cathode, instead of being solid, is made from a pool of liquid mercury and is therefore self-restoring. As a result, mercury-arc valves were much more rugged, long-lasting and could carry much higher currents than most other types of gas discharge tube.Invented in 1902 by Peter Cooper Hewitt, mercury-arc rectifiers were used to provide power for industrial motors, electric railways, streetcars, and electric locomotives, as well as for radio transmitters and for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission. They were the primary method of high power rectification before the advent of semiconductor rectifiers, such as diodes, thyristors and gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs) in the 1970s.
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