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Harnessing wasted energy in 4- to 20-mA current
Harnessing wasted energy in 4- to 20-mA current

Bootstrapping a Phase Locked Loop for Better Performance
Bootstrapping a Phase Locked Loop for Better Performance

... induced effect or a linear time related effect then this correction voltage may be used to generate a compensating signal. The properly scaled compensation is applied with the same polarity to the electrical tuning of both oscillators bootstrapping their frequencies by the same amount. By bootstrapp ...
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... Monostable multivibrators. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately con ...
Ideal Transformers
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... • It involves interchange of electric energy between two or more electric systems • Transformers provide much needed capability of changing the voltage and current levels easily. – They are used to step-up generator voltage to an appropriate voltage level for power transfer. – Stepping down the tran ...
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香港考試局
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... Figure 23.2 The cable can be represented as conductors AB and A’B’ in a circuit diagram. The cable can be treated as a capacitor when the inner and outer conductors are taken as the positive and negative plates. To measure its capacitance per unit length C0, the cable is connected in series with an ...
Intelligent Electric Energy Counter
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Asynchronous machine
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... of a given contact rating will be rated for, say, 120 volts AC, but will have a considerably lower DC voltage rating— usually 28 or 30 volts DC. That is, the gap is wide enough that, given the periodic swing through zero of alternating current, any AC arc should quickly extinguish. But the gap would ...
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Electrical Technology Memo (English)

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... This project and derivation is designed to acknowledge the value of a circuit’s RC time constant. Knowing the time constant of an RC circuit can allow it to be used as a hardware filter. It can be utilized to only react to certain changes within the circuit. For instance windshield wiper speed setti ...
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ModAct 1102KB Mar 24 2002 12:35:32 AM - hot
ModAct 1102KB Mar 24 2002 12:35:32 AM - hot

... synchronous spark gap's values need to be measured. The pulse width (PW) is found by measuring the duration of the gap's conduction. This can be estimated without measurement by estimating at which notch quenching will occur. The time delay can be calculated but it is time consuming to find the maxi ...
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if on the Internet, Press  on your browser to
if on the Internet, Press on your browser to

... When an electrical switch in an electrical circuit is opened or closed, a spark of high voltage can be created. In Tesla's day, engineers and workmen had to be very careful of this phenomenon when working with high-voltage DC generators. A sudden closure of a circuit being powered from a dynamo cap ...
The Advantages of Electronic Ignition
The Advantages of Electronic Ignition

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Spark-gap transmitter



A spark-gap transmitter is a device that generates radio frequency electromagnetic waves using a spark gap.Spark gap transmitters were the first devices to demonstrate practical radio transmission, and were the standard technology for the first three decades of radio (1887–1916). Later, more efficient transmitters were developed based on rotary machines like the high-speed Alexanderson alternators and the static Poulsen Arc generators.Most operators, however, still preferred spark transmitters because of their uncomplicated design and because the carrier stopped when the telegraph key was released, which let the operator ""listen through"" for a reply. With other types of transmitter, the carrier could not be controlled so easily, and they required elaborate measures to modulate the carrier and to prevent transmitter leakage from de-sensitizing the receiver. After WWI, greatly improved transmitters based on vacuum tubes became available, which overcame these problems, and by the late 1920s the only spark transmitters still in regular operation were ""legacy"" installations on naval vessels. Even when vacuum tube based transmitters had been installed, many vessels retained their crude but reliable spark transmitters as an emergency backup. However, by 1940, the technology was no longer used for communication. Use of the spark-gap transmitter led to many radio operators being nicknamed ""Sparks"" long after they ceased using spark transmitters. Even today, the German verb funken, literally, ""to spark,"" also means ""to send a radio message or signal.""
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