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resistor combinations
resistor combinations

... • This is most useful when we require higher power handling, but don't want to go out and buy more expensive (and physically larger) resistors. P=V*I ...
Beware of Zero-Crossover Switching of Transformers
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... Figures 3 and 4 show the effect of a 90o turn-on SSR on transformer inrush current. In Figure 3A, the transformer secondary is open, and the primary is turned on near zero voltage. A first half-cycle inrush of 200 amps occurs (read scope tracing right to left). However, when that same transformer i ...
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... 5kΩ/high-impedance RS-232 receivers. These devices are capable of receiving data in high-impedance mode. In multidrop applications, one receiver has a 5kΩ input resistance, while the other receivers are high impedance to ensure the RS-232 standard is observed. Logic control permits selection of the ...
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... respect to the end N-layer, the two outer junctions J1 & J3 are forward biased but the middle layer is reversed biased. Thus the junction J2 because of the presence of depletion layer does not allow any current to flow through the device. Only leakage current negligibly small in magnitude flows thro ...
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Spark-gap transmitter



A spark-gap transmitter is a device that generates radio frequency electromagnetic waves using a spark gap.Spark gap transmitters were the first devices to demonstrate practical radio transmission, and were the standard technology for the first three decades of radio (1887–1916). Later, more efficient transmitters were developed based on rotary machines like the high-speed Alexanderson alternators and the static Poulsen Arc generators.Most operators, however, still preferred spark transmitters because of their uncomplicated design and because the carrier stopped when the telegraph key was released, which let the operator ""listen through"" for a reply. With other types of transmitter, the carrier could not be controlled so easily, and they required elaborate measures to modulate the carrier and to prevent transmitter leakage from de-sensitizing the receiver. After WWI, greatly improved transmitters based on vacuum tubes became available, which overcame these problems, and by the late 1920s the only spark transmitters still in regular operation were ""legacy"" installations on naval vessels. Even when vacuum tube based transmitters had been installed, many vessels retained their crude but reliable spark transmitters as an emergency backup. However, by 1940, the technology was no longer used for communication. Use of the spark-gap transmitter led to many radio operators being nicknamed ""Sparks"" long after they ceased using spark transmitters. Even today, the German verb funken, literally, ""to spark,"" also means ""to send a radio message or signal.""
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