Encoding of Action History in the Rat Ventral Striatum
... reward prediction errors. In addition, the process of reinforcement learning would be greatly facilitated if memory signals related to the animal’s recent actions are also available in the same anatomical structure involved in updating the value functions because a reward or penalty resulting from a ...
... reward prediction errors. In addition, the process of reinforcement learning would be greatly facilitated if memory signals related to the animal’s recent actions are also available in the same anatomical structure involved in updating the value functions because a reward or penalty resulting from a ...
Imitation, mirror neurons and autism
... Perhaps the use of objects in some tests may offer a `prop', helping to shape a matching response; by contrast, dif®culties in copying raw gestures underlines the more basic nature of the imitative de®cit referred to earlier [33]. Secondly, when children with autism were asked to imitate an unconven ...
... Perhaps the use of objects in some tests may offer a `prop', helping to shape a matching response; by contrast, dif®culties in copying raw gestures underlines the more basic nature of the imitative de®cit referred to earlier [33]. Secondly, when children with autism were asked to imitate an unconven ...
Mirror neurons and their clinical relevance
... Traditionally, it has been assumed that the understanding of actions performed by others depends on inferential reasoning.1–3 Theoretically, when we witness the actions of others, the information could initially be subjected to sensory processing and then be sent to higher order ‘association’ areas ...
... Traditionally, it has been assumed that the understanding of actions performed by others depends on inferential reasoning.1–3 Theoretically, when we witness the actions of others, the information could initially be subjected to sensory processing and then be sent to higher order ‘association’ areas ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
Mirror neuron functioning: an explanation for
... the cue for this movement was the observation of another individual making this same movement. Results indeed show this increase; after comparing the different executive groups it was concluded that the imitation task accounted for larger signal intensity than the non-imitative groups in the left in ...
... the cue for this movement was the observation of another individual making this same movement. Results indeed show this increase; after comparing the different executive groups it was concluded that the imitation task accounted for larger signal intensity than the non-imitative groups in the left in ...
MIRROR NEURON FUNCTION: AN EXAMINATION OF
... food does not move his fingers. Another important aspect is that activation ceases when the food is made available to him. Whereas, if these neurons were related to pre-motor neurons then activation would have increased in response to preparation of movement execution, not decreased. This supports t ...
... food does not move his fingers. Another important aspect is that activation ceases when the food is made available to him. Whereas, if these neurons were related to pre-motor neurons then activation would have increased in response to preparation of movement execution, not decreased. This supports t ...
Embodied Cognition and Mirror Neurons
... INTRODUCTION Over the past 25 years, numerous theories have been proposed that emphasize the role of perceptual and motor processes for higher cognitive abilities such as language comprehension and action understanding. According to these theories, which we broadly group under the term embodied cogn ...
... INTRODUCTION Over the past 25 years, numerous theories have been proposed that emphasize the role of perceptual and motor processes for higher cognitive abilities such as language comprehension and action understanding. According to these theories, which we broadly group under the term embodied cogn ...
Connecting Philosophy, Science and Sociology through - CNS-ASU
... social relevance. This tension can be seen in how we conceptualize living organisms: are they a collection of cells programmed by DNA or is there something to be learnt from looking at the capacity for these cells to form organs, systems and organisms? Since the relationship between wholes and parts ...
... social relevance. This tension can be seen in how we conceptualize living organisms: are they a collection of cells programmed by DNA or is there something to be learnt from looking at the capacity for these cells to form organs, systems and organisms? Since the relationship between wholes and parts ...
Implications on visual apperception: energy, duration
... equilibrium (Qian and Beard, 2005) that make possible to pick up extreme weak different information from the outside world. The sensory systems, which are results of nonlinear biochemical processes of cells, have extreme sensitivity to pick up diverse information from the external world. Blindsight ...
... equilibrium (Qian and Beard, 2005) that make possible to pick up extreme weak different information from the outside world. The sensory systems, which are results of nonlinear biochemical processes of cells, have extreme sensitivity to pick up diverse information from the external world. Blindsight ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
Large brains and cognition: Where do elephants fit in?
... We will sometimes use the term often used by neurobiologists, ‘‘higher order brain functions,’’ to refer collectively to cognitive behavior, extensive long-term memory and theoryof-mind-like behaviors in elephants. With the possible exception of tool use, various aspects of cognitive behavior are no ...
... We will sometimes use the term often used by neurobiologists, ‘‘higher order brain functions,’’ to refer collectively to cognitive behavior, extensive long-term memory and theoryof-mind-like behaviors in elephants. With the possible exception of tool use, various aspects of cognitive behavior are no ...
Mirror Neurons: Findings and Functions
... indirectly neuronal activity in very specific areas. Of course, findings from fMRI and EEG should be interpreted with caution, since there is no direct evidence that the measured activity really stems from the exact same type of MNs as the ones identified in monkeys with single cell recordings. We c ...
... indirectly neuronal activity in very specific areas. Of course, findings from fMRI and EEG should be interpreted with caution, since there is no direct evidence that the measured activity really stems from the exact same type of MNs as the ones identified in monkeys with single cell recordings. We c ...
Conscious Modulation in Normal Sleep
... of active and inactive zones of brain cortex, when in slow wave sleep. These on and off, as a way of functioning suggest that consciousness depends not much on firing rates, synchronization at specific frequency bands, or even sensorial inputs per se. It depends more on the brain’s ability to integr ...
... of active and inactive zones of brain cortex, when in slow wave sleep. These on and off, as a way of functioning suggest that consciousness depends not much on firing rates, synchronization at specific frequency bands, or even sensorial inputs per se. It depends more on the brain’s ability to integr ...
The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction
... other people1,2. Despite its central role in both learning and social cognition, until recently imitation had been studied almost exclusively by social scientists (BOX 1), and our knowledge of the neural mechanisms of imitation was limited. The recent discovery of mirror neurons3 — premotor and pari ...
... other people1,2. Despite its central role in both learning and social cognition, until recently imitation had been studied almost exclusively by social scientists (BOX 1), and our knowledge of the neural mechanisms of imitation was limited. The recent discovery of mirror neurons3 — premotor and pari ...
A Possible Role for Cholinergic Neurons of the Basal Forebrain and
... In this present paper, consciousness is defined as mental activity such as percepts, imagery, or abstract concepts (see Baars, 1988, for further description). Higher consciousness is also defined here by its chief characteristics. A dominant feature of higher consciousness is that many features are ...
... In this present paper, consciousness is defined as mental activity such as percepts, imagery, or abstract concepts (see Baars, 1988, for further description). Higher consciousness is also defined here by its chief characteristics. A dominant feature of higher consciousness is that many features are ...
Mirror Neurons in a New World Monkey, Common Marmoset
... New World monkeys evolutionally separated approximately 15 million years before the split between apes and Old World monkeys (Goodman et al., 1998; Chatterjee et al., 2009). This study would provide valuable insight into our understanding of primate evolution. In this study, we investigate whether m ...
... New World monkeys evolutionally separated approximately 15 million years before the split between apes and Old World monkeys (Goodman et al., 1998; Chatterjee et al., 2009). This study would provide valuable insight into our understanding of primate evolution. In this study, we investigate whether m ...
URL - StealthSkater
... B. Could canonical identification ∑k nkpk → ∑k nkp-k map (or its appropriate modification) allow us to map p-adic integers to real numbers and in this manner induce real well ordering to the padic side. The problem is that real number with finite pinary expansion has second infinite expansion (1=.9 ...
... B. Could canonical identification ∑k nkpk → ∑k nkp-k map (or its appropriate modification) allow us to map p-adic integers to real numbers and in this manner induce real well ordering to the padic side. The problem is that real number with finite pinary expansion has second infinite expansion (1=.9 ...
Shamanism in Cross-Cultural Perspective
... The shaman’s ecstatic state was characterized as a soul flight, “a trance during which his soul is believed to leave his body and ascend to the sky or descend to the underworld” (Eliade, 1951/1964, p. 5). This classic shamanic flight took a variety of forms involving some aspect of the practitioner ...
... The shaman’s ecstatic state was characterized as a soul flight, “a trance during which his soul is believed to leave his body and ascend to the sky or descend to the underworld” (Eliade, 1951/1964, p. 5). This classic shamanic flight took a variety of forms involving some aspect of the practitioner ...
Growth and Functional Efficacy of Intrastriatal Nigral Transplants
... (V TA). Ventral border followed the dorsal border of the cerebral peduncle, thereby including the TH-positive cells in pars reticulata, and the area extended laterally to include the pars lateralis in addition to pars compacta. In the striatum all sections containing TH-positive cells were used to e ...
... (V TA). Ventral border followed the dorsal border of the cerebral peduncle, thereby including the TH-positive cells in pars reticulata, and the area extended laterally to include the pars lateralis in addition to pars compacta. In the striatum all sections containing TH-positive cells were used to e ...
Embodied cognitive evolution and the cerebellum
... ratios as useful measures of information-processing capacity and the justification based on their variability across species for the near-exclusive focus of comparative studies on the neocortex. As pervasive as the assumption that neocortical expansion underpinned the evolution of ‘higher’ cognition ...
... ratios as useful measures of information-processing capacity and the justification based on their variability across species for the near-exclusive focus of comparative studies on the neocortex. As pervasive as the assumption that neocortical expansion underpinned the evolution of ‘higher’ cognition ...
Pictures of pain: their contribution to the
... primacy of the mirror neuron system and its association with automaticity and imitative, simulated movement has been envisaged. But earlier, a number of eminent art historians had pointed to the importance of cognitive responses to art; these responses might plausibly be subserved by alternative neu ...
... primacy of the mirror neuron system and its association with automaticity and imitative, simulated movement has been envisaged. But earlier, a number of eminent art historians had pointed to the importance of cognitive responses to art; these responses might plausibly be subserved by alternative neu ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... a fundamental mechanism linking sensory representations of the actions of others to motor plans. Furthermore, social psychology studies have documented the automaticity of imitation and mimicry in humans, a feature that also maps well onto some recently disclosed neurophysiological bases of imitatio ...
... a fundamental mechanism linking sensory representations of the actions of others to motor plans. Furthermore, social psychology studies have documented the automaticity of imitation and mimicry in humans, a feature that also maps well onto some recently disclosed neurophysiological bases of imitatio ...
DSP-4 (N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine)
... cortex. The evidence for this proposal is now controversial. Infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6.OHDA), a catecholamine neurotoxin (Jonsson, 1980) directly into the visual cortex consistently reduces or prevents the shift in ocular dominance that usually occurs after monocular deprivation (Kasamatsu et ...
... cortex. The evidence for this proposal is now controversial. Infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6.OHDA), a catecholamine neurotoxin (Jonsson, 1980) directly into the visual cortex consistently reduces or prevents the shift in ocular dominance that usually occurs after monocular deprivation (Kasamatsu et ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... a fundamental mechanism linking sensory representations of the actions of others to motor plans. Furthermore, social psychology studies have documented the automaticity of imitation and mimicry in humans, a feature that also maps well onto some recently disclosed neurophysiological bases of imitatio ...
... a fundamental mechanism linking sensory representations of the actions of others to motor plans. Furthermore, social psychology studies have documented the automaticity of imitation and mimicry in humans, a feature that also maps well onto some recently disclosed neurophysiological bases of imitatio ...
Animal consciousness
Animal consciousness, or animal awareness, is the quality or state of self-awareness within an animal, or, of being aware of an external object or something within itself. In humans, consciousness has been defined as: sentience, awareness, subjectivity, qualia, the ability to experience or to feel, wakefulness, having a sense of selfhood, and the executive control system of the mind. Despite the difficulty in definition, many philosophers believe there is a broadly shared underlying intuition about what consciousness is.The topic of animal consciousness is beset with a number of difficulties. It poses the problem of other minds in an especially severe form because animals, lacking the ability to express human language, cannot tell us about their experiences. Also, it is difficult to reason objectively about the question, because a denial that an animal is conscious is often taken to imply that it does not feel, its life has no value, and that harming it is not morally wrong. The 17th-century French philosopher René Descartes, for example, has sometimes been blamed for mistreatment of animals because he argued that only humans are conscious.Philosophers who consider subjective experience the essence of consciousness also generally believe, as a correlate, that the existence and nature of animal consciousness can never rigorously be known. The American philosopher Thomas Nagel spelled out this point of view in an influential essay titled What Is it Like to Be a Bat?. He said that an organism is conscious ""if and only if there is something that it is like to be that organism — something it is like for the organism""; and he argued that no matter how much we know about an animal's brain and behavior, we can never really put ourselves into the mind of the animal and experience its world in the way it does itself. Other thinkers, such as the cognitive scientist Douglas Hofstadter, dismiss this argument as incoherent. Several psychologists and ethologists have argued for the existence of animal consciousness by describing a range of behaviors that appear to show animals holding beliefs about things they cannot directly perceive — Donald Griffin's 2001 book Animal Minds reviews a substantial portion of the evidence.Animal consciousness has been actively researched for over 100 years. In 1927 the American functional psychologist Harvey Carr argued that any valid measure or understanding of awareness in animals depends on ""an accurate and complete knowledge of its essential conditions in man"". A more recent review concluded in 1985 that ""the best approach is to use experiment (especially psychophysics) and observation to trace the dawning and ontogeny of self-consciousness, perception, communication, intention, beliefs, and reflection in normal human fetuses, infants, and children.""