Word
... In paper chromatography, the stationary phase is water bonded to the cellulose in paper and the liquid moving up the paper is the mobile phase. A spot of the mixture is placed on absorbent paper, which is then dipped in the liquid, which acts as the mobile phase. As the solvent soaks through the pap ...
... In paper chromatography, the stationary phase is water bonded to the cellulose in paper and the liquid moving up the paper is the mobile phase. A spot of the mixture is placed on absorbent paper, which is then dipped in the liquid, which acts as the mobile phase. As the solvent soaks through the pap ...
vol 2 No 2.8 2005
... and solved numerically. It is shown that the emission is modulated and it produces supersonic solitary pulses. For a low dense plasma and the propagating speed closer to the Alfvén speed, the generated pulse amplitude and the width are sufficiently large to detect. The detection of such solitary pul ...
... and solved numerically. It is shown that the emission is modulated and it produces supersonic solitary pulses. For a low dense plasma and the propagating speed closer to the Alfvén speed, the generated pulse amplitude and the width are sufficiently large to detect. The detection of such solitary pul ...
Lecture 2
... and, using d τ λ = − β e ,λ ( s ) ds , we have a solution of the equation of radiative transfer (often referred to as the integral form of the radiative transfer equation): ...
... and, using d τ λ = − β e ,λ ( s ) ds , we have a solution of the equation of radiative transfer (often referred to as the integral form of the radiative transfer equation): ...
2002 - The Physics Teacher
... Diffraction is the spreading of waves around a slit or an obstacle. Describe an experiment to demonstrate the dispersion of white light. ...
... Diffraction is the spreading of waves around a slit or an obstacle. Describe an experiment to demonstrate the dispersion of white light. ...
EM Waves
... electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the direction of propagation and to each other. We always define the direction of polarization of an electromagnetic wave to be the direction of the electric-field vector, not the magnetic-field vector, because most common electromagnetic-wave detect ...
... electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the direction of propagation and to each other. We always define the direction of polarization of an electromagnetic wave to be the direction of the electric-field vector, not the magnetic-field vector, because most common electromagnetic-wave detect ...
Cap3
... Figure 3.4: Left: Pacini making a measurement in 1910 (courtesy of the Pacini family). Right: the instruments used by Pacini for the measurement of ionization. experimental technique for underwater measurements. He found a significant decrease in the discharge rate when the electroscope was placed ...
... Figure 3.4: Left: Pacini making a measurement in 1910 (courtesy of the Pacini family). Right: the instruments used by Pacini for the measurement of ionization. experimental technique for underwater measurements. He found a significant decrease in the discharge rate when the electroscope was placed ...
Case Study 6
... The fact that the scattering law was obeyed so precisely, even for large angles of scattering, meant that the inverse-square law of electrostatic repulsion held good to very small distances indeed. The nucleus had to have size less than about 10−14 m, very much less than the sizes of atoms, which ar ...
... The fact that the scattering law was obeyed so precisely, even for large angles of scattering, meant that the inverse-square law of electrostatic repulsion held good to very small distances indeed. The nucleus had to have size less than about 10−14 m, very much less than the sizes of atoms, which ar ...
Nuclear Radiation
... nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of radiation. The most common types of radiation are called alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, but there are several other varieties of radioactive decay. Radioactive decay rates are normally stated in terms of their half-lives, and the half-life ...
... nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of radiation. The most common types of radiation are called alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, but there are several other varieties of radioactive decay. Radioactive decay rates are normally stated in terms of their half-lives, and the half-life ...
Radiation Detectors
... electrodes where they are collected The time taken for collection decreases as the bias voltage is increased. In a silicon detector 300 m thick, electrons are collected in about 10 ns and holes in about 25 ns. ...
... electrodes where they are collected The time taken for collection decreases as the bias voltage is increased. In a silicon detector 300 m thick, electrons are collected in about 10 ns and holes in about 25 ns. ...
lectures-week1
... • Maximum radiation occurs in the direction perpendicular to a. • The only way to increase the intensity of radiation is via a. Generic x-ray tubes use bremstrahlung (breaking radiation) Isotropic, only selected wavelengths, low intensity ...
... • Maximum radiation occurs in the direction perpendicular to a. • The only way to increase the intensity of radiation is via a. Generic x-ray tubes use bremstrahlung (breaking radiation) Isotropic, only selected wavelengths, low intensity ...
RADIATION EMISSION FROM ACCELERATED ATOMS
... • In the photoelectric effect, light incident on a metal eject electrons from it. • Although its explanation constitutes one of the most success of the corpuscular theory of radiation, it is not necessary to quantize the electromagnetic field to explain it. ...
... • In the photoelectric effect, light incident on a metal eject electrons from it. • Although its explanation constitutes one of the most success of the corpuscular theory of radiation, it is not necessary to quantize the electromagnetic field to explain it. ...
magnetic dipole.
... principle of superposition. It states that fields are the vector sum of all the fields generated by all charges, near or far away. And, another principle (of relativity, this one) is that the velocity of light in vacuum is “c”. There are no problems with these principles in vacuum; there are however ...
... principle of superposition. It states that fields are the vector sum of all the fields generated by all charges, near or far away. And, another principle (of relativity, this one) is that the velocity of light in vacuum is “c”. There are no problems with these principles in vacuum; there are however ...
Radiation
In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. This includes: electro-magnetic radiation (also known as ""continuum radiation"") γ such as radio waves, visible light, and x-rays particle radiation such as α, β, and neutron radiation (discrete energy per particle) acoustic radiation such as ultrasound, sound, and seismic waves. (dependent on intervening mass for transmission)Radiation is often categorized as either ionizing or non-ionizing depending on the energy of the radiated particles. Ionizing radiation carries more than 10 eV, which is enough to ionize atoms and molecules, and break chemical bonds. This is an important distinction due to the large difference in harmfulness to living organisms. A common source of ionizing radiation is radioactive materials that emit α, β, or γ radiation, consisting of helium nuclei, electrons or positrons, and photons, respectively. Other sources include X-rays from medical radiography examinations and muons, mesons, positrons, neutrons and other particles that constitute the secondary cosmic rays that are produced after primary cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere.Gamma rays, X-rays and the higher energy range of ultraviolet light constitute the ionizing part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The lower-energy, longer-wavelength part of the spectrum including visible light, infrared light, microwaves, and radio waves is non-ionizing; its main effect when interacting with tissue is heating. This type of radiation only damages cells if the intensity is high enough to cause excessive heating. Ultraviolet radiation has some features of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. While the part of the ultraviolet spectrum that penetrates the Earth's atmosphere is non-ionizing, this radiation does far more damage to many molecules in biological systems than can be accounted for by heating effects, sunburn being a well-known example. These properties derive from ultraviolet's power to alter chemical bonds, even without having quite enough energy to ionize atoms.The word radiation arises from the phenomenon of waves radiating (i.e., traveling outward in all directions) from a source. This aspect leads to a system of measurements and physical units that are applicable to all types of radiation. Because such radiation expands as it passes through space, and as its energy is conserved (in vacuum), the intensity of all types of radiation from a point source follows an inverse-square law in relation to the distance from its source. This law does not apply close to an extended source of radiation or for focused beams.