Production of L-4-phenyl-2-aminobutanoic acid by transamination
... uct stream, and higher rates of conversion of substrates to products because fewer enzymatic steps are in 45 of this invention are also described by H. E. Umbarger in Annual Rev. Biochem. Vol. 47, pp. 533-606 (1978). volved. Pyridoxal phosphate is used as a co-factor in the reac Currently, L-4-pheny ...
... uct stream, and higher rates of conversion of substrates to products because fewer enzymatic steps are in 45 of this invention are also described by H. E. Umbarger in Annual Rev. Biochem. Vol. 47, pp. 533-606 (1978). volved. Pyridoxal phosphate is used as a co-factor in the reac Currently, L-4-pheny ...
Enzymes - Science Prof Online
... • Several helpful links to fun and interactive learning tools are included throughout the PPT and on the Smart Links slide, near the end of each presentation. You must be in slide show mode to utilize hyperlinks and animations. •This digital resource is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Sh ...
... • Several helpful links to fun and interactive learning tools are included throughout the PPT and on the Smart Links slide, near the end of each presentation. You must be in slide show mode to utilize hyperlinks and animations. •This digital resource is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Sh ...
• Sources of glucose • Phases of glucose homeostasis • Hormones
... • Sources of glucose is Dietary sources & Metabolic sources (via gluconeogenesis). In Phase I Glucose is mainly supplied by dietary CHOs (exogenous) and • Gluconeogenesis is inhibited in this phase. Phase II Major sources of blood glucose is Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. • InPhase III starts w ...
... • Sources of glucose is Dietary sources & Metabolic sources (via gluconeogenesis). In Phase I Glucose is mainly supplied by dietary CHOs (exogenous) and • Gluconeogenesis is inhibited in this phase. Phase II Major sources of blood glucose is Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. • InPhase III starts w ...
الشريحة 1
... • Glucose is a reducing monosaccharide that serves as the principal fuel of all the tissues. It enters the cell through the influence of insulin and undergoes a series of chemical reactions to produce energy. • The glucose level in the blood is maintained within a narrow range under diverse conditio ...
... • Glucose is a reducing monosaccharide that serves as the principal fuel of all the tissues. It enters the cell through the influence of insulin and undergoes a series of chemical reactions to produce energy. • The glucose level in the blood is maintained within a narrow range under diverse conditio ...
Genes affecting starch biosynthesis exert pleiotropic effects on the
... therefrom. Digestibility of the protein in meal and in air-classi®ed and extruded products from selected lines will be compared in nutritional evaluation trials with poultry to assess the suitability of these products for incorporation into animal diets. # 2001 Society of Chemical Industry ...
... therefrom. Digestibility of the protein in meal and in air-classi®ed and extruded products from selected lines will be compared in nutritional evaluation trials with poultry to assess the suitability of these products for incorporation into animal diets. # 2001 Society of Chemical Industry ...
enzymes in poultry nutrition - Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences
... long time but until 1980's it remained beyond their reach. Indeed, the theory of feed enzymes is simple. Plants contain some compounds that either the animal cannot digest or which hinder its digestive system, often because the animal cannot produce the necessary enzyme to degrade them. Nutritionist ...
... long time but until 1980's it remained beyond their reach. Indeed, the theory of feed enzymes is simple. Plants contain some compounds that either the animal cannot digest or which hinder its digestive system, often because the animal cannot produce the necessary enzyme to degrade them. Nutritionist ...
BCH 301 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
... This is an alternative pathway for the degradation of glucose via 5C sugar other than the hexose. Site:- It is active in the liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, thyroid, testis, erythrocytes and lactating mammary glands. Importance:- It is a device for generating NADPH (Dihydronicotinamide adenin ...
... This is an alternative pathway for the degradation of glucose via 5C sugar other than the hexose. Site:- It is active in the liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, thyroid, testis, erythrocytes and lactating mammary glands. Importance:- It is a device for generating NADPH (Dihydronicotinamide adenin ...
Document
... enzyme is cleaved in order to activate it. • The amino acid chain that is released upon activation is called the activation peptide. • The pancreas secretes zymogens partly to prevent the enzymes from digesting proteins in the cells in which they are synthesized. ...
... enzyme is cleaved in order to activate it. • The amino acid chain that is released upon activation is called the activation peptide. • The pancreas secretes zymogens partly to prevent the enzymes from digesting proteins in the cells in which they are synthesized. ...
Ox bile, dried
... salts. The bile salts in fresh bile are mainly totally conjugated as peptides formed from bile acid, glycine or taurine. The selective activity of fully conjugated bile acids is less than that of free acids. Deoxycholic acid is the most active of the bile acids. Bacterial enzymes hydrolyse bile conj ...
... salts. The bile salts in fresh bile are mainly totally conjugated as peptides formed from bile acid, glycine or taurine. The selective activity of fully conjugated bile acids is less than that of free acids. Deoxycholic acid is the most active of the bile acids. Bacterial enzymes hydrolyse bile conj ...
APPLICATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA TO CONTROL
... (Lie, 1995). As well as with strain of L. Plantarum isolated from fish sauce which produced lactic acid at 0.961% on day-3 of incubation was also able to inhibit S. Typhimurium effectively. It seemed that the inhibitory activity of LAB against S. Typhimurium was not only due to the organic acids pro ...
... (Lie, 1995). As well as with strain of L. Plantarum isolated from fish sauce which produced lactic acid at 0.961% on day-3 of incubation was also able to inhibit S. Typhimurium effectively. It seemed that the inhibitory activity of LAB against S. Typhimurium was not only due to the organic acids pro ...
Acetyl-CoA
... is very low.﹤0.5mmol/L. Under some pathological condition (such as diabetes), the synthesis is faster than utilization, so the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood is high, (up to 20mmol/L) which is called as ketonemia ( 酮 血 症 ), and they may be excreted in the urine, which is called as keton ...
... is very low.﹤0.5mmol/L. Under some pathological condition (such as diabetes), the synthesis is faster than utilization, so the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood is high, (up to 20mmol/L) which is called as ketonemia ( 酮 血 症 ), and they may be excreted in the urine, which is called as keton ...
HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL - Council for Bile Acid Deficiency
... The enzymes required for bile acid biosynthesis are located in different hepatocyte organelles; C-27 hydroxylation occurs mainly in the mitochondria, whereas further ring structure modification is performed in the cytoplasm. Sidechain modification and conjugation are mainly performed in peroxisomes ...
... The enzymes required for bile acid biosynthesis are located in different hepatocyte organelles; C-27 hydroxylation occurs mainly in the mitochondria, whereas further ring structure modification is performed in the cytoplasm. Sidechain modification and conjugation are mainly performed in peroxisomes ...
Enzymes–II
... (e) Formation of antibodies. Many purified enzymes, on injection into animal body, produce the specific antibodies. Since many nonprotein materials have been shown to serve as antigens, this cannot be treated as an evidence in support of the protein nature of enzymes but simply a further support to ...
... (e) Formation of antibodies. Many purified enzymes, on injection into animal body, produce the specific antibodies. Since many nonprotein materials have been shown to serve as antigens, this cannot be treated as an evidence in support of the protein nature of enzymes but simply a further support to ...
The Metabolism of Cellulose, Glucose and Starch by
... these produced from non-radioactive substrates. On addition of [14C]celluloseor rice starch, there was no increase or a decrease (up to 35 %) in the rate of production over 24 h. On incubation of starved protozoa (100000 organisms of isolate w grown in vitro) with cellulose or rice starch (4 mg) in ...
... these produced from non-radioactive substrates. On addition of [14C]celluloseor rice starch, there was no increase or a decrease (up to 35 %) in the rate of production over 24 h. On incubation of starved protozoa (100000 organisms of isolate w grown in vitro) with cellulose or rice starch (4 mg) in ...
Sensing the fat: Fatty acid metabolism in the
... expression of CART and POMC [48], suggesting that an intact leptin-signaling system is necessary for the effect of C75 on POMC/CART neurons. Despite these differences, the suppressive effect of C75 on food intake is the same in both ob/ob and wildtype lean mice, indicating that the C75 anorectic act ...
... expression of CART and POMC [48], suggesting that an intact leptin-signaling system is necessary for the effect of C75 on POMC/CART neurons. Despite these differences, the suppressive effect of C75 on food intake is the same in both ob/ob and wildtype lean mice, indicating that the C75 anorectic act ...
Glucose Metabolism
... A. Glucose in the bloodstream comes from the digestion and/or from glycogen stored in the liver and muscle. B. When glucose in the bloodstream enters the cytosol (internal fluid) of our cells, it is immediately converted to glucose – 6 – phosphate. 1. This is an exergonic process and not reversible. ...
... A. Glucose in the bloodstream comes from the digestion and/or from glycogen stored in the liver and muscle. B. When glucose in the bloodstream enters the cytosol (internal fluid) of our cells, it is immediately converted to glucose – 6 – phosphate. 1. This is an exergonic process and not reversible. ...
Biochemistry of Specialized Tissues( liver)
... acids is conjugated via an amide bond to either glycine or taurine before their being re-secreted into the bile canaliculi. These conjugation reactions yield glycoconjugates and tauroconjugates, respectively. The bile canaliculi join with the bile ductules, which then form the bile ducts. Bile acids ...
... acids is conjugated via an amide bond to either glycine or taurine before their being re-secreted into the bile canaliculi. These conjugation reactions yield glycoconjugates and tauroconjugates, respectively. The bile canaliculi join with the bile ductules, which then form the bile ducts. Bile acids ...
Transamination and asymmetry in glutamate transport across the
... Alanine washout from the vascularly preloaded epithelium (mean Kexit [fast, unstripped] = 0.181 + 0.051 min -t) is similar to exit from t h e e p i t h e l i u m a f t e r loading from the lumen (mean Kexit [fas% unstripped] = 0.150 + 0.008 min-t). However~ glutamate washout from t h e v a s c u l a ...
... Alanine washout from the vascularly preloaded epithelium (mean Kexit [fast, unstripped] = 0.181 + 0.051 min -t) is similar to exit from t h e e p i t h e l i u m a f t e r loading from the lumen (mean Kexit [fas% unstripped] = 0.150 + 0.008 min-t). However~ glutamate washout from t h e v a s c u l a ...
Divergence and Convergence in Enzyme Evolution
... motifs, and other conserved features (9, 10). The rapid growth of protein structural data, brought about in part by the structural genomics initiatives, has put identification of protein superfamilies on a firm(er) basis. The current classifications of protein structural (super)families, implemented ...
... motifs, and other conserved features (9, 10). The rapid growth of protein structural data, brought about in part by the structural genomics initiatives, has put identification of protein superfamilies on a firm(er) basis. The current classifications of protein structural (super)families, implemented ...
... FAO/WHO 1991 reference pattern. All Pisum sativum seeds used in this study had relatively high essential and non-essential amino acids, with the exception of cysteine and methionine. The observation of relatively low concentrations of methionine and cysteine in legumes has been reported many researc ...
2 Applications
... regulation e.g. preventing digestive proteases from attacking gastric cells. Digestion of dietary proteins: Dietary proteins are gradually degraded to individual amino acids in order to be of use to the organism. This process is catalyzed by digestive proteases. When food reaches the stomach, peps ...
... regulation e.g. preventing digestive proteases from attacking gastric cells. Digestion of dietary proteins: Dietary proteins are gradually degraded to individual amino acids in order to be of use to the organism. This process is catalyzed by digestive proteases. When food reaches the stomach, peps ...
Metalloenzyme Functions
... program that is used to fit new proteins into the COGs, and classification of genomes and COGs constructed by using principal component analysis. ...
... program that is used to fit new proteins into the COGs, and classification of genomes and COGs constructed by using principal component analysis. ...
Allosteric enzymes
... some of the enzymes that are stored in the pancreas before secretion as inactive precursor forms, then activated when they enter the duodenum ...
... some of the enzymes that are stored in the pancreas before secretion as inactive precursor forms, then activated when they enter the duodenum ...
Chapter 17 Fatty Acid Catabolism
... cofactor. See Fig. 17-8a, p. 653. 19. Oxidation of fatty acids For each two-carbon increase in the length of a saturated fatty acid chain, how many additional moles of ATP can be formed upon complete oxidation of one mole of the fatty acid to CO2 and H2O? Ans: Each —CH2—CH2— unit yields 14 extra ATP ...
... cofactor. See Fig. 17-8a, p. 653. 19. Oxidation of fatty acids For each two-carbon increase in the length of a saturated fatty acid chain, how many additional moles of ATP can be formed upon complete oxidation of one mole of the fatty acid to CO2 and H2O? Ans: Each —CH2—CH2— unit yields 14 extra ATP ...
Amino Acids: An Introduction to Their Structure, Functions and
... functions, people who have PKU must add tyrosine (left and right images at bottom of previous page) to their diet -- the product of the hydroxylation of phe that doesn't occur in PKU. Methionine (Images left and right top this page) is a sulfur containing amino acid. Its necessity is to provide the ...
... functions, people who have PKU must add tyrosine (left and right images at bottom of previous page) to their diet -- the product of the hydroxylation of phe that doesn't occur in PKU. Methionine (Images left and right top this page) is a sulfur containing amino acid. Its necessity is to provide the ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.