the Four Stages of Biochemical Energy Production
... Citric acid cycle – For every glucose, two acetyl groups enter the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) • Each two-carbon acetyl group combines with a fourcarbon compound • Two CO2 molecules are removed (why is this important?) • Energy captured as 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 form from each acetyl group ...
... Citric acid cycle – For every glucose, two acetyl groups enter the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) • Each two-carbon acetyl group combines with a fourcarbon compound • Two CO2 molecules are removed (why is this important?) • Energy captured as 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 form from each acetyl group ...
ENZYMES (Basic Concepts and Kinetics) (Chapter 8)
... Active site • is the region where the substrate binds • contains residue that directly participate in making or breaking of bonds (formation of transition state) • is the region where activation energy is lowered Common features 1. Active site is a three dimensional cleft 2. Takes up a small pa ...
... Active site • is the region where the substrate binds • contains residue that directly participate in making or breaking of bonds (formation of transition state) • is the region where activation energy is lowered Common features 1. Active site is a three dimensional cleft 2. Takes up a small pa ...
Structure of Proteins
... Spatial relationship among all Amino Acids in a polypeptide, Refers to DOMAINS Complete 3-D structure of polypeptide Disulfide bond, Hydrophobic interactions H-bond, Ionic interactions Domains – 3 types: Mostly α-Helix, Mostly β-Sheet, Mixed (α-Helix + β-Sheet) ...
... Spatial relationship among all Amino Acids in a polypeptide, Refers to DOMAINS Complete 3-D structure of polypeptide Disulfide bond, Hydrophobic interactions H-bond, Ionic interactions Domains – 3 types: Mostly α-Helix, Mostly β-Sheet, Mixed (α-Helix + β-Sheet) ...
Supplementary Information
... Such a violation could be, for instance, that a reaction is used by an elementary flux mode ...
... Such a violation could be, for instance, that a reaction is used by an elementary flux mode ...
Review Ribosome-independent Peptide Synthesis in Nature and
... complexes. In eubacteria, specific amino acids such as Phe are added to the N-terminal residue of proteins that are degraded via the pathway governed by N-end rule. These examples show the versatility and widespread importance of peptide bond in organisms. Interestingly, formations of these nonprote ...
... complexes. In eubacteria, specific amino acids such as Phe are added to the N-terminal residue of proteins that are degraded via the pathway governed by N-end rule. These examples show the versatility and widespread importance of peptide bond in organisms. Interestingly, formations of these nonprote ...
BIO 306.01
... group is the Ninhydrin reactions, which is utilized to estimate amino acids quantitatively in very small amounts. An α-amino acid reacts with two molecules of Ninhydrin on heating to yield an intensively colored product. Amino acids and peptides with a free α-NH2 group give a purple color, whereas P ...
... group is the Ninhydrin reactions, which is utilized to estimate amino acids quantitatively in very small amounts. An α-amino acid reacts with two molecules of Ninhydrin on heating to yield an intensively colored product. Amino acids and peptides with a free α-NH2 group give a purple color, whereas P ...
Cellular Biology I
... shape the protein will fold into; the shape determines function There are 4 levels of protein structure: A. Primary: Sequence of amino acids B. Secondary: Folding over of polymer. Hydrogen bonds hold the shape together ...
... shape the protein will fold into; the shape determines function There are 4 levels of protein structure: A. Primary: Sequence of amino acids B. Secondary: Folding over of polymer. Hydrogen bonds hold the shape together ...
DNA polymerase
... How can techniques developed by molecular biologists be used to answer ecological questions? Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are present in all calls – Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes. Molecular techniques use nucleic acids to identify species and determine relationships without having to grow or cult ...
... How can techniques developed by molecular biologists be used to answer ecological questions? Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are present in all calls – Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes. Molecular techniques use nucleic acids to identify species and determine relationships without having to grow or cult ...
Searching for Important Amino Acids in DNA
... We propose the following approach to predict DNA-binding propensity. It consists of four main parts. First, so-called templates are found, which determine amino acids whose distributions should be captured by tube histograms. In the second step tube histograms are constructed for all proteins in a t ...
... We propose the following approach to predict DNA-binding propensity. It consists of four main parts. First, so-called templates are found, which determine amino acids whose distributions should be captured by tube histograms. In the second step tube histograms are constructed for all proteins in a t ...
Positive vs Negative Feedback Control
... 2) State how the activity of pepsin will most likely change after it moves with the food from the stomach to the small intestine. ...
... 2) State how the activity of pepsin will most likely change after it moves with the food from the stomach to the small intestine. ...
Nucleic Acids - New Jersey Institute of Technology
... Synthesize a complimentary strand that shows base pairing within the DNA molecule, and explain how it allows for the replication of DNA. Create a model to explain the process of DNA replication by creating a colorful poster that shows the replication fork, the correct base pairs and enzymes. D ...
... Synthesize a complimentary strand that shows base pairing within the DNA molecule, and explain how it allows for the replication of DNA. Create a model to explain the process of DNA replication by creating a colorful poster that shows the replication fork, the correct base pairs and enzymes. D ...
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
... Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure ...
... Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure ...
Outline
... B) As the cycle moves around, citric acid is rearranged to produce different intermediate molecules called C) At the end of the cycle, the resulting molecule is oxaloacetic acid which is now available to attach to another acetyl CoA D) For each turn of the cycle: 1) two C atoms are removed from the ...
... B) As the cycle moves around, citric acid is rearranged to produce different intermediate molecules called C) At the end of the cycle, the resulting molecule is oxaloacetic acid which is now available to attach to another acetyl CoA D) For each turn of the cycle: 1) two C atoms are removed from the ...
Biology: Ch. 2
... nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus Nucleotides have three parts: 5carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information Examples: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) ...
... nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus Nucleotides have three parts: 5carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information Examples: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) ...
Investigation of the enzymatic processes depending on the ty
... Activation by proteolytic cleavage Examples of specific proteolysis •Digestive enzymes –Synthesized as zymogens in stomach and pancreas •Blood clotting enzymes –Cascade of proteolytic activations •Protein hormones –Proinsulin to insulin by removal of a peptide ...
... Activation by proteolytic cleavage Examples of specific proteolysis •Digestive enzymes –Synthesized as zymogens in stomach and pancreas •Blood clotting enzymes –Cascade of proteolytic activations •Protein hormones –Proinsulin to insulin by removal of a peptide ...
2. Chemistry of Living Things Outline
... catalyze. In organisms, _____________ allow the chemical reactions of ______________ to take place more efficiently than they otherwise would at body temperature. For example, amino acids are produced from protein digestion. The enzymes needed for this reaction are not changed but must be present fo ...
... catalyze. In organisms, _____________ allow the chemical reactions of ______________ to take place more efficiently than they otherwise would at body temperature. For example, amino acids are produced from protein digestion. The enzymes needed for this reaction are not changed but must be present fo ...
Chemistry of Living Things Outline
... reaction they catalyze. In organisms, _____________ allow the chemical reactions of ______________ to take place more efficiently than they otherwise would at body temperature. For example, amino acids are produced from protein digestion. The enzymes needed for this reaction are not changed but ...
... reaction they catalyze. In organisms, _____________ allow the chemical reactions of ______________ to take place more efficiently than they otherwise would at body temperature. For example, amino acids are produced from protein digestion. The enzymes needed for this reaction are not changed but ...
PURINE Lacture
... 1. Activated precursors of RNA and DNA 2. Adenine nucleotides are components of three major co-enzymes, NAD, FAD, and CoA 3. Nucleotide derivatives are activated intermediates in biosynthetic processes (UDP-glucose, SAM) 4. Serve as metabolic regulators (e.g cAMP and the activation of cell signaling ...
... 1. Activated precursors of RNA and DNA 2. Adenine nucleotides are components of three major co-enzymes, NAD, FAD, and CoA 3. Nucleotide derivatives are activated intermediates in biosynthetic processes (UDP-glucose, SAM) 4. Serve as metabolic regulators (e.g cAMP and the activation of cell signaling ...
Hands on Simulation of Mutation
... 2) Use the genetic code provided below to write down the amino acid sequence that these 30 nucleotides encode beginning with the first nucleotide. 3) Now randomly choose the DNA nucleotide to “mutate” by using the birth day of a student in the class as the position along the gene to mutate. 4) Then ...
... 2) Use the genetic code provided below to write down the amino acid sequence that these 30 nucleotides encode beginning with the first nucleotide. 3) Now randomly choose the DNA nucleotide to “mutate” by using the birth day of a student in the class as the position along the gene to mutate. 4) Then ...
Fishy Code Slips
... Deoxyribonucleic nucleic acid (DNA) is the macromolecule that contains all genetic information and is essential for life. It is composed of two helical strands containing a sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases in between. The bases are guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), and cytosine ( ...
... Deoxyribonucleic nucleic acid (DNA) is the macromolecule that contains all genetic information and is essential for life. It is composed of two helical strands containing a sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases in between. The bases are guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), and cytosine ( ...
Biochemical Compounds
... Proteins are polymers made up of covalently bonded amino acids Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH) on opposite ends and different “R” ...
... Proteins are polymers made up of covalently bonded amino acids Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH) on opposite ends and different “R” ...
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis (also called biogenesis or anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined together to form macromolecules. This process often consists of metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are located within a single cellular organelle, while others involve enzymes that are located within multiple cellular organelles. Examples of these biosynthetic pathways include the production of lipid membrane components and nucleotides.The prerequisite elements for biosynthesis include: precursor compounds, chemical energy (e.g. ATP), and catalytic enzymes which may require coenzymes (e.g.NADH, NADPH). These elements create monomers, the building blocks for macromolecules. Some important biological macromolecules include: proteins, which are composed of amino acid monomers joined via peptide bonds, and DNA molecules, which are composed of nucleotides joined via phosphodiester bonds.