Chemical Biology 03 BLOOD
... • Fe(II), iron is bound to four N atoms within heme • 5th coordination is N of Histidine amino acid, F8 of helix F. • 6th coordination site is open for O2 to bind. • deoxyMb, deoxyHb, heme ring is puckered in absence of 6th ligand; Fe(II) out of plane. • oxyMb, oxyHb ring is flat with sixth ligand b ...
... • Fe(II), iron is bound to four N atoms within heme • 5th coordination is N of Histidine amino acid, F8 of helix F. • 6th coordination site is open for O2 to bind. • deoxyMb, deoxyHb, heme ring is puckered in absence of 6th ligand; Fe(II) out of plane. • oxyMb, oxyHb ring is flat with sixth ligand b ...
Fermentative degradation of glycolic acid by defined syntrophic
... tetraacetate (EDTA), malt extract, casamino acids, or yeast extract. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA was 42.9 + 1.0 tool %. The pattern of utilized substrates, formation of acetate as primary fermentation product, and presence of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase at high activity in cell ex ...
... tetraacetate (EDTA), malt extract, casamino acids, or yeast extract. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA was 42.9 + 1.0 tool %. The pattern of utilized substrates, formation of acetate as primary fermentation product, and presence of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase at high activity in cell ex ...
L6 Cellular Respiration
... 1) In the mitochondria, NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the ETC 2) Oxygen is the final electron acceptor 3) ETC uses the energy from electrons to transport H+ against the concentration ...
... 1) In the mitochondria, NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the ETC 2) Oxygen is the final electron acceptor 3) ETC uses the energy from electrons to transport H+ against the concentration ...
PDF - Agricultural Journals
... combinations of acetic acid (acetate) units, constitute a large group of natural substances grouped together on purely biosynthetic grounds. Their diverse structure can be explained as being derived from poly-β-keto chains, –[CH 2-C(=O)] n–, formed by the coupling of C2 acetic acid units via condens ...
... combinations of acetic acid (acetate) units, constitute a large group of natural substances grouped together on purely biosynthetic grounds. Their diverse structure can be explained as being derived from poly-β-keto chains, –[CH 2-C(=O)] n–, formed by the coupling of C2 acetic acid units via condens ...
Metabolic profiling of strawberry
... faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx). Strawberry flavour is a result of a complex mixture of numerous volatile and organoleptic compounds combined with characteristics such as texture and taste. More than ...
... faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx). Strawberry flavour is a result of a complex mixture of numerous volatile and organoleptic compounds combined with characteristics such as texture and taste. More than ...
Reaction Mechanisms of Mononuclear Non
... aromatic hydroxylation. Little research and structural studies have been done on these three enzymes, and, therefore, they will not be discussed further. However, the AAAHs are known to share many structural and catalytic properties. They were exhaustively reviewed in 1996,23 and more specific revie ...
... aromatic hydroxylation. Little research and structural studies have been done on these three enzymes, and, therefore, they will not be discussed further. However, the AAAHs are known to share many structural and catalytic properties. They were exhaustively reviewed in 1996,23 and more specific revie ...
The Synthesis of Enzymes Concerned in Bacterio
... Bacteriochlorophyll in the organisms and protein in the cell-free extracts were estimated as described previously (Lascelles, 1959). Preparation of culture samples for assay. At intervals samples were removed from the growing cultures for estimation of dry wt. of organisms, bacteriochlorophyll and e ...
... Bacteriochlorophyll in the organisms and protein in the cell-free extracts were estimated as described previously (Lascelles, 1959). Preparation of culture samples for assay. At intervals samples were removed from the growing cultures for estimation of dry wt. of organisms, bacteriochlorophyll and e ...
Anaerobic respiration
... the lactate build up directly which causes muscular fatigue, it is this pH reduction). The enzyme which catalyses the oxidation of NADH2 and the reduction of pyruvate to lactate is called lactate dehydrogenase. ...
... the lactate build up directly which causes muscular fatigue, it is this pH reduction). The enzyme which catalyses the oxidation of NADH2 and the reduction of pyruvate to lactate is called lactate dehydrogenase. ...
products of the dioxygenase reaction ... useful intermediates for natural-product syntheses ...
... Oxygenase enzymes comprise several protein families that introduce one (monooxygenases) or two (dioxygenases) oxygen atoms into their substrates. Figure 1 lists examples of oxygenase-catalyzed reactions that are relevant to biocatalysis. Oxygen is typically supplied as O2, and the required reduction ...
... Oxygenase enzymes comprise several protein families that introduce one (monooxygenases) or two (dioxygenases) oxygen atoms into their substrates. Figure 1 lists examples of oxygenase-catalyzed reactions that are relevant to biocatalysis. Oxygen is typically supplied as O2, and the required reduction ...
Action
... Antimetabolites are compounds that prevent the formation or utilization of a normal cellular metabolite. Most antimetabolites are enzymes inhibitors. The rate-limiting enzymes of nucleotide biosynthesis are often the primary target for the antimetabolites. Antimetabolites can also inhibit other enzy ...
... Antimetabolites are compounds that prevent the formation or utilization of a normal cellular metabolite. Most antimetabolites are enzymes inhibitors. The rate-limiting enzymes of nucleotide biosynthesis are often the primary target for the antimetabolites. Antimetabolites can also inhibit other enzy ...
Journal of Bacteriology
... summarized in Table 1. The total radioactivity of the precursors of the wild-type strain KMBL-146 was rather constant, as was the distribution of the radioactivity among the precursors. High activities were found in UDPMurNAc-pentapeptide (59-72%) and UDPMurNAc-dipeptide (20-30%). Strain TKL-46 cont ...
... summarized in Table 1. The total radioactivity of the precursors of the wild-type strain KMBL-146 was rather constant, as was the distribution of the radioactivity among the precursors. High activities were found in UDPMurNAc-pentapeptide (59-72%) and UDPMurNAc-dipeptide (20-30%). Strain TKL-46 cont ...
Evolving genetic code - J
... mitochondria use AUA for Met and UGA for Trp, instead of Ile and stop, respectively, in the ‘‘universal code’’.1) Indeed, as noted in Introduction, there are known considerable numbers of deviant mitochondrial codes in multicellular animals (see Yokobori et al.9) for a review) as well as in unicellu ...
... mitochondria use AUA for Met and UGA for Trp, instead of Ile and stop, respectively, in the ‘‘universal code’’.1) Indeed, as noted in Introduction, there are known considerable numbers of deviant mitochondrial codes in multicellular animals (see Yokobori et al.9) for a review) as well as in unicellu ...
1 Acids and Bases
... How can we identify an acid or a base simply by looking at the chemical formula? Since we have defined acids and bases by the ions they release in solution, the first requirement is that they contain H or OH, respectively. However, there are plenty of compounds that contain oxygen and hydrogen atoms ...
... How can we identify an acid or a base simply by looking at the chemical formula? Since we have defined acids and bases by the ions they release in solution, the first requirement is that they contain H or OH, respectively. However, there are plenty of compounds that contain oxygen and hydrogen atoms ...
Glycogen Synthesis Glycogen
... Glycogen • Storage molecule • Multiple ends allow for quick synthesis and degradation • Glucose must be activated ...
... Glycogen • Storage molecule • Multiple ends allow for quick synthesis and degradation • Glucose must be activated ...
21. Toshihiko Okamotofi`1 Yo Isogai,$2 and T6111 K0izumi*1 :
... Together these are the four primary amino acids for transport between, and storage within, plant organs. Alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) catalyses the reversible reaction between glutamate and pyruvate on the one hand, and alanine (Ala) and alpha-ketoglutarate on the other (Beatty et al. 2009; McAl ...
... Together these are the four primary amino acids for transport between, and storage within, plant organs. Alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) catalyses the reversible reaction between glutamate and pyruvate on the one hand, and alanine (Ala) and alpha-ketoglutarate on the other (Beatty et al. 2009; McAl ...
Regeneration of Cofactors for Enzyme Biocatalysis
... acetylphosphate coupled with acetate kinase (AK), creatine phosphate (CP) coupled with creatine kinase (CK), and polyphosphate (pPi) coupled with polyphosphate kinase (PPK). Since these enzymes have broad substrate specificities, other NTPs such as guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP), UTP and CTP can be ...
... acetylphosphate coupled with acetate kinase (AK), creatine phosphate (CP) coupled with creatine kinase (CK), and polyphosphate (pPi) coupled with polyphosphate kinase (PPK). Since these enzymes have broad substrate specificities, other NTPs such as guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP), UTP and CTP can be ...
Fatty Acids :biosynthesis
... Summary of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis • When the cell energy level is high, rather than being used by the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA is transferred from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol. • In the cytosol, acetyl CoA is converted to malonyl CoA, which is used by fatty acyl synthase (FAS) for the sy ...
... Summary of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis • When the cell energy level is high, rather than being used by the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA is transferred from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol. • In the cytosol, acetyl CoA is converted to malonyl CoA, which is used by fatty acyl synthase (FAS) for the sy ...
Diversity in P-loop Structure of A-ATP Synthase
... subunits (α3 : β3 : γ : δ : ε : a : b2 : cx) and the eukaryotic V-ATPase has thirteen subunits (A3 : B3 : C : D : E : F : G2 : Hx : a : d : cx : c’x : c’’x).2 The A-ATP synthase is composed of two functional sectors; a water soluble A1 part, containing the catalytic sites, and the membrane bound AO ...
... subunits (α3 : β3 : γ : δ : ε : a : b2 : cx) and the eukaryotic V-ATPase has thirteen subunits (A3 : B3 : C : D : E : F : G2 : Hx : a : d : cx : c’x : c’’x).2 The A-ATP synthase is composed of two functional sectors; a water soluble A1 part, containing the catalytic sites, and the membrane bound AO ...
Immunophilins and Parvulins. Superfamily of
... Immunophilins are defined as receptors for immunosuppressive drugs including cyclosporin A, FK506, and rapamycin. The cyclosporin A receptors are referred to as cyclophilins (CYPs) and FK506- and rapamycin-binding proteins are abbreviated as FKBPs. These two groups of proteins (collectively called i ...
... Immunophilins are defined as receptors for immunosuppressive drugs including cyclosporin A, FK506, and rapamycin. The cyclosporin A receptors are referred to as cyclophilins (CYPs) and FK506- and rapamycin-binding proteins are abbreviated as FKBPs. These two groups of proteins (collectively called i ...
Mechanisms of Unidirectional Translocation & Unwinding
... Basic Properties of Helicases Nucleic acid-stimulated NTPase (Mg++ dependent) Unidirectional translocation and unwinding: ...
... Basic Properties of Helicases Nucleic acid-stimulated NTPase (Mg++ dependent) Unidirectional translocation and unwinding: ...
High-resolution mapping of protein sequence
... alanine scan, in which amino acids are individually mutated to alanine3. Amino acids that, when changed to alanine, result in loss or diminution of function (for example, binding, catalysis or stability) are likely of functional importance. Mutational scanning, however, suffers from bottlenecks that ...
... alanine scan, in which amino acids are individually mutated to alanine3. Amino acids that, when changed to alanine, result in loss or diminution of function (for example, binding, catalysis or stability) are likely of functional importance. Mutational scanning, however, suffers from bottlenecks that ...
Characterisation and functional properties of watermelon (Citrullus
... of proteins in their diets. Watermelon seed meal is reported to contain an adequate amount of nutritional proteins that could be extracted for use as nutritional ingredients in food products. RESULTS: Osborne classification showed that globulin was the major protein (≥500 g kg −1 ) present in waterm ...
... of proteins in their diets. Watermelon seed meal is reported to contain an adequate amount of nutritional proteins that could be extracted for use as nutritional ingredients in food products. RESULTS: Osborne classification showed that globulin was the major protein (≥500 g kg −1 ) present in waterm ...
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis (also called biogenesis or anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined together to form macromolecules. This process often consists of metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are located within a single cellular organelle, while others involve enzymes that are located within multiple cellular organelles. Examples of these biosynthetic pathways include the production of lipid membrane components and nucleotides.The prerequisite elements for biosynthesis include: precursor compounds, chemical energy (e.g. ATP), and catalytic enzymes which may require coenzymes (e.g.NADH, NADPH). These elements create monomers, the building blocks for macromolecules. Some important biological macromolecules include: proteins, which are composed of amino acid monomers joined via peptide bonds, and DNA molecules, which are composed of nucleotides joined via phosphodiester bonds.