Chapter 8
... Light energy excites electrons in photosystem II and also causes a water molecule to split, releasing an electron into the electron transport system, H+ into the thylakoid space, and O2 as a waste product. ...
... Light energy excites electrons in photosystem II and also causes a water molecule to split, releasing an electron into the electron transport system, H+ into the thylakoid space, and O2 as a waste product. ...
Sample Syllabus - ULM Web Services
... •Recognize the structure of ATP and discuss its use as a source of energy •List the three stages of catabolism •Explain the two major segments of glycolysis •Describe regulation of glycolysis •Compare glycolysis and gluconeogenesis •Summarize the regulation of blood glucose levels by glycogenesis an ...
... •Recognize the structure of ATP and discuss its use as a source of energy •List the three stages of catabolism •Explain the two major segments of glycolysis •Describe regulation of glycolysis •Compare glycolysis and gluconeogenesis •Summarize the regulation of blood glucose levels by glycogenesis an ...
CHAPTER 17 FROM GENE TO PROTEIN Section A: The
... • The cell’s protein-synthesizing machinery reads the message as a series of nonoverlapping three-letter words. ...
... • The cell’s protein-synthesizing machinery reads the message as a series of nonoverlapping three-letter words. ...
Chemical Identificaiton of Lipids
... water is what led to the first cell membranes. Once the lipid membrane formed, it acted as a way to keep chemical reactions inside the primitive cell separated from those on the outside, and cells as we know them came to be. Soon, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and other molecules were taken ...
... water is what led to the first cell membranes. Once the lipid membrane formed, it acted as a way to keep chemical reactions inside the primitive cell separated from those on the outside, and cells as we know them came to be. Soon, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and other molecules were taken ...
Nerve activates contraction
... • The cell’s protein-synthesizing machinery reads the message as a series of nonoverlapping three-letter words. ...
... • The cell’s protein-synthesizing machinery reads the message as a series of nonoverlapping three-letter words. ...
Chemical Identification of Lipids
... water is what led to the first cell membranes. Once the lipid membrane formed, it acted as a way to keep chemical reactions inside the primitive cell separated from those on the outside, and cells as we know them came to be. Soon, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and other molecules were taken ...
... water is what led to the first cell membranes. Once the lipid membrane formed, it acted as a way to keep chemical reactions inside the primitive cell separated from those on the outside, and cells as we know them came to be. Soon, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and other molecules were taken ...
AQA A-level Biology
... molecules to coil into spirals as shown in Figure 1.6. Amylopectin molecules have branches because some of the α-glucose molecules form bonds between carbon atoms 1 and 6 instead of 1 and 4. This enables starch molecules to fold up compactly. As a storage compound it is important that starch can be ...
... molecules to coil into spirals as shown in Figure 1.6. Amylopectin molecules have branches because some of the α-glucose molecules form bonds between carbon atoms 1 and 6 instead of 1 and 4. This enables starch molecules to fold up compactly. As a storage compound it is important that starch can be ...
1 - AQA
... molecules to coil into spirals as shown in Figure 1.6. Amylopectin molecules have branches because some of the α-glucose molecules form bonds between carbon atoms 1 and 6 instead of 1 and 4. This enables starch molecules to fold up compactly. As a storage compound it is important that starch can be ...
... molecules to coil into spirals as shown in Figure 1.6. Amylopectin molecules have branches because some of the α-glucose molecules form bonds between carbon atoms 1 and 6 instead of 1 and 4. This enables starch molecules to fold up compactly. As a storage compound it is important that starch can be ...
Primary structure: the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
... Catalysts: virtually all reactions in living systems are catalyzed by proteins called enzymes Movement: muscles are made up of proteins called myosin and actin Transport: hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to cells; other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes Hormones: many hor ...
... Catalysts: virtually all reactions in living systems are catalyzed by proteins called enzymes Movement: muscles are made up of proteins called myosin and actin Transport: hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to cells; other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes Hormones: many hor ...
Summary of 5.4
... components have different solubilities and different levels of adsorption so end their journey over the stationary phase in different places. Ninhydrin is sprayed onto the dry chromatogram to show up the locations of the aminoacids. The acids take on a specific colour. Comparison with the distance m ...
... components have different solubilities and different levels of adsorption so end their journey over the stationary phase in different places. Ninhydrin is sprayed onto the dry chromatogram to show up the locations of the aminoacids. The acids take on a specific colour. Comparison with the distance m ...
Introduction 1
... • 2° structure: local arrangement (a-helices, b-sheets, turns) →super secondary structures: hairpins, corners, a-b-a motifs, etc. • 3° structure: 3-D structure (e.g. folded protein), stabilized by H-bond, ...
... • 2° structure: local arrangement (a-helices, b-sheets, turns) →super secondary structures: hairpins, corners, a-b-a motifs, etc. • 3° structure: 3-D structure (e.g. folded protein), stabilized by H-bond, ...
Carbohydrate metabolism
... a) to pyruvate (Pyr) CH3-CO- COO- under aerobic conditions = aerobic glycolysis b) to lactate CH3-CHOH - COO- when O2 is depleted = anaerobic glycolysis The individual reactions of glycolysis (see Fig. 1): 1. Phosphorylation of Glc to Glc-6-P is the first reaction of glycolysis and it is a regulator ...
... a) to pyruvate (Pyr) CH3-CO- COO- under aerobic conditions = aerobic glycolysis b) to lactate CH3-CHOH - COO- when O2 is depleted = anaerobic glycolysis The individual reactions of glycolysis (see Fig. 1): 1. Phosphorylation of Glc to Glc-6-P is the first reaction of glycolysis and it is a regulator ...
Final Presentation Abstract Booklet
... reactions of this polymerase. Our scientist mentor, Dr. Vaughn Jackson, gave us a presentation to help us understand how the molecule moves down the DNA and makes messenger RNA from the DNA template. He explained that T7 RNA Polymerase is shaped like a hand. There is a “thumb”, a “palm”, and “finger ...
... reactions of this polymerase. Our scientist mentor, Dr. Vaughn Jackson, gave us a presentation to help us understand how the molecule moves down the DNA and makes messenger RNA from the DNA template. He explained that T7 RNA Polymerase is shaped like a hand. There is a “thumb”, a “palm”, and “finger ...
Protein Structure
... state depends strongly on its local environment. This feature is often exploited and histidine is used as a molecular switch. ...
... state depends strongly on its local environment. This feature is often exploited and histidine is used as a molecular switch. ...
Chapter 2 ppt B
... – All neutral solutions are pH 7 – Pure water is pH neutral • pH of pure water = pH 7: [H+] = 10–7 m ...
... – All neutral solutions are pH 7 – Pure water is pH neutral • pH of pure water = pH 7: [H+] = 10–7 m ...
Where is the energy transfer?
... In the Calvin Cycle, CO2 is attached to a molecule of RUBP. This is catalyzed by the enzyme rubisco. The six carbon product splits, forming two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. 3-phosphyglycerate receives a phosphate from ATP and electrons from NADPH forming a molecule of G3P. Two molecules of G3P c ...
... In the Calvin Cycle, CO2 is attached to a molecule of RUBP. This is catalyzed by the enzyme rubisco. The six carbon product splits, forming two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. 3-phosphyglycerate receives a phosphate from ATP and electrons from NADPH forming a molecule of G3P. Two molecules of G3P c ...
Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism
... *Acidotic with high Gap *Urine Ketones high *High to nl Ammonia Often present first 2-7 days of life after dietary protein introduced. Drunk appearance in infant. *May have low WBC and Plts. Check serum AAs/OAs, Urine AAs/OAs, CSF OAs/AAs. ...
... *Acidotic with high Gap *Urine Ketones high *High to nl Ammonia Often present first 2-7 days of life after dietary protein introduced. Drunk appearance in infant. *May have low WBC and Plts. Check serum AAs/OAs, Urine AAs/OAs, CSF OAs/AAs. ...
Cell
... Organic compounds – compounds with a Carbonbased core that are produced by living organisms (plants or animals) • Usually contain hydrogen (H), carbon (C), oxygen (O) & nitrogen (N) together in large molecules called macromolecules • Cells (life) are made of these compounds ...
... Organic compounds – compounds with a Carbonbased core that are produced by living organisms (plants or animals) • Usually contain hydrogen (H), carbon (C), oxygen (O) & nitrogen (N) together in large molecules called macromolecules • Cells (life) are made of these compounds ...
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
... Peptide and non-peptide components of proteins. Structural levels of globular and fibril proteins Primary structure of proteins Secondary structure of proteins; characteristics and factors determining helix structures, folded sheet and twists Structure of the levorotatory triple helix: collagen Fold ...
... Peptide and non-peptide components of proteins. Structural levels of globular and fibril proteins Primary structure of proteins Secondary structure of proteins; characteristics and factors determining helix structures, folded sheet and twists Structure of the levorotatory triple helix: collagen Fold ...
Q#1,2,5-8 pg. 194
... environment that has very little oxygen or air movement. Each industry establishes its own series of steps to set up various processes but in general the environments are extremely clean, they are monitored constantly, and the bacteria are cultured in a way that prevents the strain that is being use ...
... environment that has very little oxygen or air movement. Each industry establishes its own series of steps to set up various processes but in general the environments are extremely clean, they are monitored constantly, and the bacteria are cultured in a way that prevents the strain that is being use ...
Electrochemistry
... (there is something called the Nernst equation, but that has been removed from the AP curriculum - you will probably come across it at some point) ...
... (there is something called the Nernst equation, but that has been removed from the AP curriculum - you will probably come across it at some point) ...
6 Energy and Metabolism
... and the TCA cycle are oxidized back to NAD so glycolysis can continue. It also generates 3 more ATP. When this system is performing in the presence of oxygen, oxygen is consumed and the waste product is water. When it is done anaerobically (such as in some bacteria), sulfate is used as the H+ accept ...
... and the TCA cycle are oxidized back to NAD so glycolysis can continue. It also generates 3 more ATP. When this system is performing in the presence of oxygen, oxygen is consumed and the waste product is water. When it is done anaerobically (such as in some bacteria), sulfate is used as the H+ accept ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.