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Engineering the pentose phosphate pathway of
... more energy efficient, low cost and less polluting production processes by using enzymes and whole cell catalysts. One of the major challenges of biorefineries is the generation of transportation fuels. Bioethanol manufactured from renewable resources by microbial fermentation is an attractive alter ...
... more energy efficient, low cost and less polluting production processes by using enzymes and whole cell catalysts. One of the major challenges of biorefineries is the generation of transportation fuels. Bioethanol manufactured from renewable resources by microbial fermentation is an attractive alter ...
Anaerobic respiration with elemental sulfur and with disulfides
... Anaerobic respiration with elemental sulfur/polysulfide or organic disulfides is performed by several bacteria and archaea, but has only been investigated in a few organisms in detail. The electron transport chain that catalyzes polysulfide reduction in the Gram-negative bacterium Wolinella succinog ...
... Anaerobic respiration with elemental sulfur/polysulfide or organic disulfides is performed by several bacteria and archaea, but has only been investigated in a few organisms in detail. The electron transport chain that catalyzes polysulfide reduction in the Gram-negative bacterium Wolinella succinog ...
Identification of Bioactive Peptide Sequences from Amaranth
... practices, and for that reason, when Spaniards arrived in America, they banned amaranth, ignoring its nutritional and agricultural features. Spaniards prohibited amaranth because pre-Columbian civilizations used it during their religious events, mixing amaranth with human blood, because they believe ...
... practices, and for that reason, when Spaniards arrived in America, they banned amaranth, ignoring its nutritional and agricultural features. Spaniards prohibited amaranth because pre-Columbian civilizations used it during their religious events, mixing amaranth with human blood, because they believe ...
Abnormal Renal and Hepatic Glucose Metabolism in Type 2
... However, increased renal glucose release has also been demonstrated in diabetic animals (6–9). Moreover, recent studies (10, 11) indicate that the human kidney may normally account for as much as 25% of postabsorptive glucose production. It is possible, therefore, that renal glucose release may cont ...
... However, increased renal glucose release has also been demonstrated in diabetic animals (6–9). Moreover, recent studies (10, 11) indicate that the human kidney may normally account for as much as 25% of postabsorptive glucose production. It is possible, therefore, that renal glucose release may cont ...
Amino Acid Sequences of Peptides from a Tryptic Digest of a Urea
... 1. A tryptic digest of the protein fraction U.S. 3 from oxidized wool has been separated into 32 peptide fractions by cation-exchange resin chromatography. 2. Most of these fractions have been resolved into their component peptides by a combination of the techniques of eation-exchange resin chromato ...
... 1. A tryptic digest of the protein fraction U.S. 3 from oxidized wool has been separated into 32 peptide fractions by cation-exchange resin chromatography. 2. Most of these fractions have been resolved into their component peptides by a combination of the techniques of eation-exchange resin chromato ...
Glucosamine-Induced Insulin Resistance in Primary Rat
... of the insulin signaling pathway that includes PI3-Kinase and Akt-1 (protein kinase B). Phosphorylation of GSK-3 reduces its kinase activity, thereby resulting in reduced phosphorylation of glycogen synthase and an increase in its enzymatic activity (Frame, Cohen etal. 2001). In glycolysis, one mole ...
... of the insulin signaling pathway that includes PI3-Kinase and Akt-1 (protein kinase B). Phosphorylation of GSK-3 reduces its kinase activity, thereby resulting in reduced phosphorylation of glycogen synthase and an increase in its enzymatic activity (Frame, Cohen etal. 2001). In glycolysis, one mole ...
Metabolic Activity Decreases as an Adaptive Response to Low
... concomitant decrease of ATP consumption due to decreased protein synthesis and ion pumping activity. The inhibition of respiration is rapid, and occurs at oxygen concentrations well above the Km(oxygen) of cytochrome oxidase. Characteristic changes in gene expression that are induced by hypoxia are ...
... concomitant decrease of ATP consumption due to decreased protein synthesis and ion pumping activity. The inhibition of respiration is rapid, and occurs at oxygen concentrations well above the Km(oxygen) of cytochrome oxidase. Characteristic changes in gene expression that are induced by hypoxia are ...
NAGS - BMC Biochemistry
... NAG is produced enzymatically by N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS), which is also found in bacteria and plants as the first enzyme of arginine biosynthesis. Arginine is an allosteric inhibitor of microbial and plant NAGS, and allosteric activator of mammalian NAGS. Results: Information from mutagene ...
... NAG is produced enzymatically by N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS), which is also found in bacteria and plants as the first enzyme of arginine biosynthesis. Arginine is an allosteric inhibitor of microbial and plant NAGS, and allosteric activator of mammalian NAGS. Results: Information from mutagene ...
Comparative analysis of cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP synthesis
... Restitution of Gluc in the perfusion buffer readily returned [ATP]c to a level nearly matching the pre-deprivation baseline (Figure 2A, green trace). The increase in the AT1.03 ratio constituted 34.2 ± 1.9% (P < 0.01; n = 9), reaching ∼90% of the value by which AT1.03 ratio decreases in glucose-free ...
... Restitution of Gluc in the perfusion buffer readily returned [ATP]c to a level nearly matching the pre-deprivation baseline (Figure 2A, green trace). The increase in the AT1.03 ratio constituted 34.2 ± 1.9% (P < 0.01; n = 9), reaching ∼90% of the value by which AT1.03 ratio decreases in glucose-free ...
Electrophoresisppt
... in a gel. The microscopic particles attach to one another forming tunnels that act as a sieve to separate the molecules. Small molecules can move faster than large molecules. ...
... in a gel. The microscopic particles attach to one another forming tunnels that act as a sieve to separate the molecules. Small molecules can move faster than large molecules. ...
MORPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES OF COLLAGEN
... property of this molecule under physiological conditions of pH, temperature, and salt concentration. The metabolic significance of the collagen fractions extractable by neutral and acid buffers has been studied by several groups of workers (15, 21, 24, 31) who have followed incorporation of labelled ...
... property of this molecule under physiological conditions of pH, temperature, and salt concentration. The metabolic significance of the collagen fractions extractable by neutral and acid buffers has been studied by several groups of workers (15, 21, 24, 31) who have followed incorporation of labelled ...
Functional characterisation of the TUP5 gene in - diss.fu
... Arginine is one of 20 standard amino acids necessary for the formation of peptides and proteins. It is also used as a nitrogen storage compound in seeds. Furthermore, arginine is the precursor of polyamines and nitric oxide which play an important role in many developmental processes and the respons ...
... Arginine is one of 20 standard amino acids necessary for the formation of peptides and proteins. It is also used as a nitrogen storage compound in seeds. Furthermore, arginine is the precursor of polyamines and nitric oxide which play an important role in many developmental processes and the respons ...
Catalytic mechanism of nucleoside diphosphate kinase investigated
... ABSTRACT: Nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases display low specificity with respect to the base moiety of the nucleotides and to the 2′-position of the ribose, but the 3′-hydroxyl is found to be important for catalysis. We report in this paper the enzymatic analysis of a series of derivatives of thy ...
... ABSTRACT: Nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases display low specificity with respect to the base moiety of the nucleotides and to the 2′-position of the ribose, but the 3′-hydroxyl is found to be important for catalysis. We report in this paper the enzymatic analysis of a series of derivatives of thy ...
Enzymes in Milk: Their Function in the Mammary Gland, in Milk, and
... Although this topic has been reviewed (1-4), the first two publications provide little information about the physiological significance of these enzymes. Shahani et al. (2) compare the activity level of several enzymes in human and bovine milk, drawing attention to the great differences in the activ ...
... Although this topic has been reviewed (1-4), the first two publications provide little information about the physiological significance of these enzymes. Shahani et al. (2) compare the activity level of several enzymes in human and bovine milk, drawing attention to the great differences in the activ ...
respiration
... - one step reaction - takes place anywhere - no enzyme involved - fast and violent reaction ...
... - one step reaction - takes place anywhere - no enzyme involved - fast and violent reaction ...
Recent Advances Towards New Anti-Infective Agents that Inhibit
... studied in the greatest detail [10, 24]. It is an extracellular membrane protein that consists of an N-terminal membrane anchor and an autonomously folded catalytic domain that is *Address correspondence to this author at Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, ...
... studied in the greatest detail [10, 24]. It is an extracellular membrane protein that consists of an N-terminal membrane anchor and an autonomously folded catalytic domain that is *Address correspondence to this author at Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, ...
Active Site of Ribonuclease A - Department of Biochemistry | UW
... low values of pKa for the side chain. Moreover, a side chain with an amidinium group (that is, –C(=NH2)NH2+), which can form a second hydrogen bond, does not enhance catalysis. A side chain with a quaternary ammonium group (that is, –N(CH3)3+), which is cationic but cannot be a hydrogen bond donor, ...
... low values of pKa for the side chain. Moreover, a side chain with an amidinium group (that is, –C(=NH2)NH2+), which can form a second hydrogen bond, does not enhance catalysis. A side chain with a quaternary ammonium group (that is, –N(CH3)3+), which is cationic but cannot be a hydrogen bond donor, ...
Document
... Fats are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon A fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton ...
... Fats are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon A fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton ...
No Slide Title
... • Lysozyme: like MPO, is a microbicidal enzyme. • Lysozyme digests debris from cell walls of bacteria that have already been processed by other enzymes. • Another function of lysozyme is to modulate inflammation by suppressing neutrophil chemotaxis and oxidative metabolism. ...
... • Lysozyme: like MPO, is a microbicidal enzyme. • Lysozyme digests debris from cell walls of bacteria that have already been processed by other enzymes. • Another function of lysozyme is to modulate inflammation by suppressing neutrophil chemotaxis and oxidative metabolism. ...
Shigella boydii Involved in O-antigen Synthesis By
... 3.3.1 Donor substrate specificity .........................................................................- 58 3.3.2 Role of pyrophosphate in acceptor substrate specificity ..............................- 60 3.3.3 Screening of compounds as potential inhibitors ..................................... ...
... 3.3.1 Donor substrate specificity .........................................................................- 58 3.3.2 Role of pyrophosphate in acceptor substrate specificity ..............................- 60 3.3.3 Screening of compounds as potential inhibitors ..................................... ...
Grade XII Unit 1 - Ethiopian Ministry of Education
... obtain a homogeneous mixture, or solution. Air is a gaseous solution, principally of two elementary substances, nitrogen and oxygen, which are physically mixed but not chemically combined. There are various practical reasons for preparing solutions. For instance, most chemical reactions are run in s ...
... obtain a homogeneous mixture, or solution. Air is a gaseous solution, principally of two elementary substances, nitrogen and oxygen, which are physically mixed but not chemically combined. There are various practical reasons for preparing solutions. For instance, most chemical reactions are run in s ...
Enzyme Mechanisms - Weber State University
... • Enzymes catalyze reactions by utilizing the same general reactions as studied in organic chemistry: ...
... • Enzymes catalyze reactions by utilizing the same general reactions as studied in organic chemistry: ...
Metabolism
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ATP-3D-vdW.png?width=300)
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.