![Characters of Chymosin Gene Isolated from Different Animal A. G. Attallah](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008886038_1-d972f547b4e932ce3cdd27511a5b1b02-300x300.png)
Characters of Chymosin Gene Isolated from Different Animal A. G. Attallah
... identity but showed considerable differences in their enzymatic properties. A comparison of their structures may therefore contribute to an understanding of the significance of the amino acid residues responsible for the differences in these properties. On the other hand, like many other gastric pro ...
... identity but showed considerable differences in their enzymatic properties. A comparison of their structures may therefore contribute to an understanding of the significance of the amino acid residues responsible for the differences in these properties. On the other hand, like many other gastric pro ...
Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Digestive Lipase in
... Some biochemical characteristics are similar to those found in mammalian digestive lipases: molecular masses of ∼40–50 kDa with an alkaline pI between 6.8 and 7.8 (Moreau et al. 1992; Miled et al. 2000). In crustaceans, lipases are liberated by B cells of the midgut gland (Loizzi and Peterson 1971) ...
... Some biochemical characteristics are similar to those found in mammalian digestive lipases: molecular masses of ∼40–50 kDa with an alkaline pI between 6.8 and 7.8 (Moreau et al. 1992; Miled et al. 2000). In crustaceans, lipases are liberated by B cells of the midgut gland (Loizzi and Peterson 1971) ...
Hydrolysisof Glutathioneby Human Liver `y
... 2.3.2.2) is to catalyze the first step of the breakdown of glutathione or its S-substituted conjugates to produce L-glutamate and L-cysteinylglycine or S-substituted L-cysteinylglycine (1-4). The original proposal (5) that the enzyme functions in vivo as a transpeptidase, and as such plays a key rol ...
... 2.3.2.2) is to catalyze the first step of the breakdown of glutathione or its S-substituted conjugates to produce L-glutamate and L-cysteinylglycine or S-substituted L-cysteinylglycine (1-4). The original proposal (5) that the enzyme functions in vivo as a transpeptidase, and as such plays a key rol ...
FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATASE FROM GOAT LIVER: A POSSIBLE TARGET FOR
... A great number of mammalian enzymes require FMN or Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as coenzymes for their activities and both the flavin coenzymes are associated with many of the components of the electron transport chain of mitochondria which is associated with oxidative phosphorylation. Riboflav ...
... A great number of mammalian enzymes require FMN or Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as coenzymes for their activities and both the flavin coenzymes are associated with many of the components of the electron transport chain of mitochondria which is associated with oxidative phosphorylation. Riboflav ...
The Three-Dimensional Structure of Aspergillus niger Pectin Lyase
... Amino acids were assigned to secondary structural elements if they exhibited repetitive f and c angles for the structural element and if all backbone amide nitrogens and carbonyl oxygens participated in intra- or interstrand hydrogen bonding. The assignment was initially made with the Kabsch and San ...
... Amino acids were assigned to secondary structural elements if they exhibited repetitive f and c angles for the structural element and if all backbone amide nitrogens and carbonyl oxygens participated in intra- or interstrand hydrogen bonding. The assignment was initially made with the Kabsch and San ...
Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase Results in Blood Lactate
... in carbonic anhydrase activity, which has been reported to facilitate lactate influx and efflux across the MCTs. Therefore, the MCTs may not facilitate lactate influx into the liver cells due to reduction of carbonic anhydrase. Klier et al. [23] showed that transport activity of MCT1 and MCT4 is enha ...
... in carbonic anhydrase activity, which has been reported to facilitate lactate influx and efflux across the MCTs. Therefore, the MCTs may not facilitate lactate influx into the liver cells due to reduction of carbonic anhydrase. Klier et al. [23] showed that transport activity of MCT1 and MCT4 is enha ...
The Effect of Arsenic on Liver Tissue of Experimental Animals
... an important link between carbohydrates and protein metabolism in addition AST catalyses the inter conversion of aspartic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid to oxaloacetic acid and glutamic acid. While ALT catalyses the inter conversion of alanine and α ketoglutaric acid to pyruvic acid and glutamic acid ...
... an important link between carbohydrates and protein metabolism in addition AST catalyses the inter conversion of aspartic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid to oxaloacetic acid and glutamic acid. While ALT catalyses the inter conversion of alanine and α ketoglutaric acid to pyruvic acid and glutamic acid ...
Text S1: General Metabolism
... In summary, both X. nematophila and X. bovienii have metabolic profiles as expected for bacteria capable of being free living, host-associated, and pathogenic by turns. However, there are several unique pathways to each species, including cellobiose transport and presence of a putative virulence-lin ...
... In summary, both X. nematophila and X. bovienii have metabolic profiles as expected for bacteria capable of being free living, host-associated, and pathogenic by turns. However, there are several unique pathways to each species, including cellobiose transport and presence of a putative virulence-lin ...
Evolving genetic code
... announced that some ciliated protozoans used UAR (R = A or G) as Gln codons. At present, there are known considerable numbers of departures from the ‘‘universal’’ code in the nuclear as well as the mitochondrial codes (for refs., see Osawa et al.3), Osawa4)) It is therefore misleading to think that ...
... announced that some ciliated protozoans used UAR (R = A or G) as Gln codons. At present, there are known considerable numbers of departures from the ‘‘universal’’ code in the nuclear as well as the mitochondrial codes (for refs., see Osawa et al.3), Osawa4)) It is therefore misleading to think that ...
ncert textbook mistakes accepted,uploaded and incorporated as
... molecules are also produced during conversion of glucose to pyruvate (glycolysis). It is mentioned in the NCERT also at pg. No. 229. Or It should be written as : Two molecules of pyruvate are broken down to release eight molecules of NADH+H+, two molecules of FADH2 and two molecules of ATP during TC ...
... molecules are also produced during conversion of glucose to pyruvate (glycolysis). It is mentioned in the NCERT also at pg. No. 229. Or It should be written as : Two molecules of pyruvate are broken down to release eight molecules of NADH+H+, two molecules of FADH2 and two molecules of ATP during TC ...
University of Groningen Citrate driven transamination for
... oxidative decarboxylation reaction (38, 73), but the majority is decarboxylated to acetoin by αacetolactate decarboxylase (ALD). The latter enzyme is encoded by the aldB gene located in the leu-ilv-ald operon that is responsible for the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids. Inactivation of ald ...
... oxidative decarboxylation reaction (38, 73), but the majority is decarboxylated to acetoin by αacetolactate decarboxylase (ALD). The latter enzyme is encoded by the aldB gene located in the leu-ilv-ald operon that is responsible for the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids. Inactivation of ald ...
Agnieszka Kozieł Aerobic metabolism of human endothelial cells
... In isolated mitochondria, high-glucose levels induced an increase in the oxidation of palmitoylcarnitine and glycerol-3-phosphate (lipid-derived fuels) and a decrease in the oxidation of pyruvate (a mitochondrial fuel). The results demonstrate that high-glucose exposure induces a shift of the endot ...
... In isolated mitochondria, high-glucose levels induced an increase in the oxidation of palmitoylcarnitine and glycerol-3-phosphate (lipid-derived fuels) and a decrease in the oxidation of pyruvate (a mitochondrial fuel). The results demonstrate that high-glucose exposure induces a shift of the endot ...
The kinetics of the conversion of DHA to MGO
... • As the rate of DHA conversion slows because the amount of DHA is falling, the side reactions become more prominent in their effect • The “plateau” represents a period of time in which the rate of formation of MGO is just balanced by the loss of MGO to side reactions. • After the “plateau” the side ...
... • As the rate of DHA conversion slows because the amount of DHA is falling, the side reactions become more prominent in their effect • The “plateau” represents a period of time in which the rate of formation of MGO is just balanced by the loss of MGO to side reactions. • After the “plateau” the side ...
Major players on the microbial stage: why archaea
... used to determine the presence of archaea in environments even when the organisms themselves remained unculturable. In addition to ssrRNA signatures, evidence for an archaeal ‘genomic signature’ has been presented. The archaeal genomic signature presented by Graham et al. (2000) is a set of over 350 ...
... used to determine the presence of archaea in environments even when the organisms themselves remained unculturable. In addition to ssrRNA signatures, evidence for an archaeal ‘genomic signature’ has been presented. The archaeal genomic signature presented by Graham et al. (2000) is a set of over 350 ...
3 Citrate metabolism and aroma compound production in lactic acid
... the conversion of citrate into lactate, since it was observed that in these microorganisms high amounts of diacetyl are formed (reviewed in [2]). The metabolic biosynthetic pathway from citrate to diacetyl was revealed in L. diacetylactis by use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques [4, 5]. ...
... the conversion of citrate into lactate, since it was observed that in these microorganisms high amounts of diacetyl are formed (reviewed in [2]). The metabolic biosynthetic pathway from citrate to diacetyl was revealed in L. diacetylactis by use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques [4, 5]. ...
Title Biotin Biosynthesis in Microorganisms (Commemoration Issue
... KEY WORDS: Biotin biosynthesis/ Pimelyl-CoA synthetase/ 7-Keto8-aminopelargonic acid synthetase/ 7,8-Diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase/ Dethiobiotin synthetase/ Feedback repression/ INTRODUCTION Biotin, or vitamin H, can be synthesized by a great number of microorganisms, while some organisms ...
... KEY WORDS: Biotin biosynthesis/ Pimelyl-CoA synthetase/ 7-Keto8-aminopelargonic acid synthetase/ 7,8-Diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase/ Dethiobiotin synthetase/ Feedback repression/ INTRODUCTION Biotin, or vitamin H, can be synthesized by a great number of microorganisms, while some organisms ...
Characterization of the Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Gene
... Corynebacterium glutamicum is an aerobic, Gram-positive organism that grows on a variety of sugars and organic acids, and is widely used in the industrial production of amino acids, e.g., L-glutamate and L-lysine. For growth on organic acids such as acetate, gluconeogenic reactions are necessary in ...
... Corynebacterium glutamicum is an aerobic, Gram-positive organism that grows on a variety of sugars and organic acids, and is widely used in the industrial production of amino acids, e.g., L-glutamate and L-lysine. For growth on organic acids such as acetate, gluconeogenic reactions are necessary in ...
Assembly-Line Enzymology for Polyketide and Nonribosomal
... pantetheinyl-phospho-carrier protein domain (Figure 2c). Convergent logic is followed in PKS systems in which malonyl-CoA undergoes transthiolation to yield a comparable malonyl-pantetheinyl-phospho-carrier protein before any condensation steps occur. The second central tenet is that chain elongatio ...
... pantetheinyl-phospho-carrier protein domain (Figure 2c). Convergent logic is followed in PKS systems in which malonyl-CoA undergoes transthiolation to yield a comparable malonyl-pantetheinyl-phospho-carrier protein before any condensation steps occur. The second central tenet is that chain elongatio ...
Conformational changes in actin–myosin isoforms probed by Ni(II
... which are able to induce protein cleavage and cross-linking reactions. Three different myosin motor domain isoforms in the presence of actin and nucleotides were treated with a library of Ni(II)tripeptide chelates and two reactivities were observed: (1) muscle motor domains were cross-linked to act ...
... which are able to induce protein cleavage and cross-linking reactions. Three different myosin motor domain isoforms in the presence of actin and nucleotides were treated with a library of Ni(II)tripeptide chelates and two reactivities were observed: (1) muscle motor domains were cross-linked to act ...
13C-fluxomics
... • Isotopic Steady state of glycolytic intermediates: range of seconds – minutes • Isotopic Steady state of TCA intermediates: more than 30min • Isotopic Steady state of protein-bound AA: several hours ...
... • Isotopic Steady state of glycolytic intermediates: range of seconds – minutes • Isotopic Steady state of TCA intermediates: more than 30min • Isotopic Steady state of protein-bound AA: several hours ...
Short-Term Overexpression of a Constitutively Active Form of AMP
... MP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic master switch mediating adaptation of the cell to variations in nutritional environment (1). Its activity is stimulated by increases in intracellular AMP-to-ATP ratio in response to stresses such as exercise, hypoxia, and glucose deprivation. AMPK ha ...
... MP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic master switch mediating adaptation of the cell to variations in nutritional environment (1). Its activity is stimulated by increases in intracellular AMP-to-ATP ratio in response to stresses such as exercise, hypoxia, and glucose deprivation. AMPK ha ...
Hypoxia in skeletal muscles: from physiology to gene expression
... to blood glucose [14]. Previous studies suggest that this resistance is associated with changes on Akt activity in PI3K/Akt signaling pathway [57-59]. Hypoxia can inhibit PI3K/Akt pathway in a predominantly HIF-1α-independent manner [89]. The deprivation of oxygen affects Akt activity by reducing in ...
... to blood glucose [14]. Previous studies suggest that this resistance is associated with changes on Akt activity in PI3K/Akt signaling pathway [57-59]. Hypoxia can inhibit PI3K/Akt pathway in a predominantly HIF-1α-independent manner [89]. The deprivation of oxygen affects Akt activity by reducing in ...
Engineering the pentose phosphate pathway of
... more energy efficient, low cost and less polluting production processes by using enzymes and whole cell catalysts. One of the major challenges of biorefineries is the generation of transportation fuels. Bioethanol manufactured from renewable resources by microbial fermentation is an attractive alter ...
... more energy efficient, low cost and less polluting production processes by using enzymes and whole cell catalysts. One of the major challenges of biorefineries is the generation of transportation fuels. Bioethanol manufactured from renewable resources by microbial fermentation is an attractive alter ...
Metabolism
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ATP-3D-vdW.png?width=300)
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.