Chemiosmotic systems in bioenergetics
... hydrogen transfer (Mitchell, 1961), is nicely illustrated by the phosphotransferase system (PTS) which was later found in many bacterial species. The system in question: (a) imports extracellular glucose into the bacterium; and (b) phosphorylates it using phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form intracellu ...
... hydrogen transfer (Mitchell, 1961), is nicely illustrated by the phosphotransferase system (PTS) which was later found in many bacterial species. The system in question: (a) imports extracellular glucose into the bacterium; and (b) phosphorylates it using phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form intracellu ...
Mechanistic insights into the regulation of metabolic enzymes by
... These investigations raised the notion that acetylation may rival other common posttranslational modifications in cell regulation not only by the number of substrates it modifies, but also the variety of regulatory mechanisms it facilitates. Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions of both synthe ...
... These investigations raised the notion that acetylation may rival other common posttranslational modifications in cell regulation not only by the number of substrates it modifies, but also the variety of regulatory mechanisms it facilitates. Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions of both synthe ...
Prediction for Essential Proteins with the Support Vector Machine
... There are 975 essential proteins and 3840 of Hwang et al. and Marcio et al., as shown in nonessential proteins in our dataset. The ratio of Table V. The best values of AUC, precision, recall, essential proteins to nonessential proteins is low, F-measure and MCC we get are 0.8502, 0.7872, nearly 1:4, ...
... There are 975 essential proteins and 3840 of Hwang et al. and Marcio et al., as shown in nonessential proteins in our dataset. The ratio of Table V. The best values of AUC, precision, recall, essential proteins to nonessential proteins is low, F-measure and MCC we get are 0.8502, 0.7872, nearly 1:4, ...
ENZYME WEBQUEST
... 18. The conformation of an enzyme is maintained by interactions between the various ___________________ _______________ that compose it, and this conformation is sensitive to ________________________________________. Two important influences are _________________ and ________________. When an enzyme ...
... 18. The conformation of an enzyme is maintained by interactions between the various ___________________ _______________ that compose it, and this conformation is sensitive to ________________________________________. Two important influences are _________________ and ________________. When an enzyme ...
Chapter 5
... List the steps involved in anaerobic respiration and identify major products of each step List some of the major products of fermentation List the steps involved in photosynthesis Compare and contrast the light-dependent reactions versus the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis Categorize t ...
... List the steps involved in anaerobic respiration and identify major products of each step List some of the major products of fermentation List the steps involved in photosynthesis Compare and contrast the light-dependent reactions versus the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis Categorize t ...
Which Protein is Best?
... to the faster digestion and absorption kinetics of whey, which results in a greater increase in postprandial plasma amino acid availability and thereby further stimulates muscle protein synthesis,” report the researchers. Although previous research shows that whey protein supports greater protein re ...
... to the faster digestion and absorption kinetics of whey, which results in a greater increase in postprandial plasma amino acid availability and thereby further stimulates muscle protein synthesis,” report the researchers. Although previous research shows that whey protein supports greater protein re ...
Enzyme Properties
... Kinetics: study of reaction rates and the ways that they depend on concentrations of substrates, products, inhibitors, catalysts, and other effectors. Simple situation A B under influence of a catalyst C, at time t=0, [A] = A0, [B] = 0: then the rate or velocity of the reaction is expressed as d[B] ...
... Kinetics: study of reaction rates and the ways that they depend on concentrations of substrates, products, inhibitors, catalysts, and other effectors. Simple situation A B under influence of a catalyst C, at time t=0, [A] = A0, [B] = 0: then the rate or velocity of the reaction is expressed as d[B] ...
Characterization of Two New Isolates of Mushroom
... Two new strains of mushroom-shaped budding bacteria were isolated from a pulp mill oxidation lagoon. These isolates were morphologically similar to previous isolates from England and Russia, However, the carbon source utilization patterns and phage typing by newly isolated phages indicated that the ...
... Two new strains of mushroom-shaped budding bacteria were isolated from a pulp mill oxidation lagoon. These isolates were morphologically similar to previous isolates from England and Russia, However, the carbon source utilization patterns and phage typing by newly isolated phages indicated that the ...
Stable Isotope Tracer Analysis in Isolated Mitochondria from
... commonly used for mitochondrial respiration experiments [32]. The level of phosphate was lowered exactly 25 fold, so that, first, the derivatization reactants would not be exhausted by high phosphate concentrations and, second, that the unreacted phosphoric acid would not damage the GC column. The l ...
... commonly used for mitochondrial respiration experiments [32]. The level of phosphate was lowered exactly 25 fold, so that, first, the derivatization reactants would not be exhausted by high phosphate concentrations and, second, that the unreacted phosphoric acid would not damage the GC column. The l ...
Amino acid residues that determine functional specificity of NADP
... important, the fraction of neighbors is slightly lower and the fraction of distal positions is much higher. These observations indicate that not only positions with peculiar statistical properties (SDPs or conserved) can be implicated in function or specificity, but residues in the vicinity of such a ...
... important, the fraction of neighbors is slightly lower and the fraction of distal positions is much higher. These observations indicate that not only positions with peculiar statistical properties (SDPs or conserved) can be implicated in function or specificity, but residues in the vicinity of such a ...
AFLUID June 47/6 - AJP
... podocyte leads to proteinuria, and in several proteinuric diseases the podocyte is the target cell of injury (18). It has been suggested that the maintenance of the differentiated podocyte structure requires a complex intracellular pumping and trafficking of proteins through systems similar to those ...
... podocyte leads to proteinuria, and in several proteinuric diseases the podocyte is the target cell of injury (18). It has been suggested that the maintenance of the differentiated podocyte structure requires a complex intracellular pumping and trafficking of proteins through systems similar to those ...
... carbohydrate, protein and fat to maintain blood glucose and energy homeostasis. Mitochondria serve as the cellular powerhouse that generates ATP or heat by using substrates derived from fat and glucose. Hepatocytes are normally rich in mitochondria and each hepatocyte contains about 800 mitochondria ...
Structural genomics of proteins from conserved biochemical
... duplications followed by mutations to impart new substrate specificity could generate the three genes necessary to convert mevalonate into isopentenyl diphosphate. It appears more than fortuitous that these genes (and, in some cases, the gene encoding IDI2) are under the control of a single bacteria ...
... duplications followed by mutations to impart new substrate specificity could generate the three genes necessary to convert mevalonate into isopentenyl diphosphate. It appears more than fortuitous that these genes (and, in some cases, the gene encoding IDI2) are under the control of a single bacteria ...
campbell ch#3 only
... Every object has a mirror image. Many pairs of objects that are mirror images can be superimposed on each other; two identical solid-colored coffee mugs are an example. In other cases, the mirror-image objects cannot be superimposed on one another but are related to each other as the right hand is t ...
... Every object has a mirror image. Many pairs of objects that are mirror images can be superimposed on each other; two identical solid-colored coffee mugs are an example. In other cases, the mirror-image objects cannot be superimposed on one another but are related to each other as the right hand is t ...
Oxidation of C`4-labeled Carbohydrate
... relatively high rates of aerobic glycolysis shown by tumor slices as evidence for a defect in respiration which distinguished them from normal tissues. Dickens and Simer (10) then pointed out that tu mors, in contradistinction to normal tissues (brain, retina, embryo) having a high anaerobic glycoly ...
... relatively high rates of aerobic glycolysis shown by tumor slices as evidence for a defect in respiration which distinguished them from normal tissues. Dickens and Simer (10) then pointed out that tu mors, in contradistinction to normal tissues (brain, retina, embryo) having a high anaerobic glycoly ...
Lactic acidosis
... The pyruvate carboxylase reaction is the first enzyme reaction in the gluconeogenic pathway, and is activated under conditions where fatty acids are mobilized and are generating acetyl CoA. Although this enzyme has its highest activity in tissues that carry out gluconeogenesis (liver and kidney), it ...
... The pyruvate carboxylase reaction is the first enzyme reaction in the gluconeogenic pathway, and is activated under conditions where fatty acids are mobilized and are generating acetyl CoA. Although this enzyme has its highest activity in tissues that carry out gluconeogenesis (liver and kidney), it ...
Crystal Structure of the Carboxyltransferase Domain of Acetyl
... of malonyl-CoA is the committed step in the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids (1–4). In comparison, ACC2 is a mitochondrial enzyme, and its malonyl-CoA product regulates fatty acid oxidation by potently inhibiting the shuttle that transports long-chain acyl-CoAs from the cytosol to the mitochon ...
... of malonyl-CoA is the committed step in the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids (1–4). In comparison, ACC2 is a mitochondrial enzyme, and its malonyl-CoA product regulates fatty acid oxidation by potently inhibiting the shuttle that transports long-chain acyl-CoAs from the cytosol to the mitochon ...
Cholesterol
... * Peroxisomes induced by peroxisome proliferators via a cytosolic receptor (PPAR) e.g., hypolipidemic drugs, e.g., clofibrate; plasticizers, e.g., phthalate (DEHP); endogenous steroids formed by the adrenal glands e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone. ...
... * Peroxisomes induced by peroxisome proliferators via a cytosolic receptor (PPAR) e.g., hypolipidemic drugs, e.g., clofibrate; plasticizers, e.g., phthalate (DEHP); endogenous steroids formed by the adrenal glands e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone. ...
Peroxyl free radicals: potential mediators of tumor initiation and
... which is a function of the O2~ concentration. Dismutation of two molecules of O2~ generates H2O2, which can be reduced by metals to hydroxyl radical (HO-) (8,9). Hydroxyl radical, which is also a product of the action of ionizing radiation on water, is the most reactive of the oxygen-centered radica ...
... which is a function of the O2~ concentration. Dismutation of two molecules of O2~ generates H2O2, which can be reduced by metals to hydroxyl radical (HO-) (8,9). Hydroxyl radical, which is also a product of the action of ionizing radiation on water, is the most reactive of the oxygen-centered radica ...
9. proteins i
... amount of the basic amino acid, lysine (Lys); whereas cereals lack lysine but have sufficient quantity of methionine. When combined, these make good the deficiency of each other through mutual supplementation and are therefore better utilized in human body. Location in Proteins Amino acids with unch ...
... amount of the basic amino acid, lysine (Lys); whereas cereals lack lysine but have sufficient quantity of methionine. When combined, these make good the deficiency of each other through mutual supplementation and are therefore better utilized in human body. Location in Proteins Amino acids with unch ...
PDF
... Totally 173 L. sativus L. genotypes were used as a plant material those of which 92 genotypes were collected from the natural habitat of Antalya by BATEM (Western Mediterranean Agricultural Research Centre); of 10 genotypes were by Ministry of Agriculture of Yemen; of 4 genotypes were by GAP Interna ...
... Totally 173 L. sativus L. genotypes were used as a plant material those of which 92 genotypes were collected from the natural habitat of Antalya by BATEM (Western Mediterranean Agricultural Research Centre); of 10 genotypes were by Ministry of Agriculture of Yemen; of 4 genotypes were by GAP Interna ...
Chapter 1 - Research Explorer
... 1998). The degradation of these compounds results in the formation of important metabolites, which are vital in biochemical processes (e.g. in the biosynthesis of lipids), as well as in energy production (via the Krebs cycle and ketone body production). The degradation of the BCAAs starts with their ...
... 1998). The degradation of these compounds results in the formation of important metabolites, which are vital in biochemical processes (e.g. in the biosynthesis of lipids), as well as in energy production (via the Krebs cycle and ketone body production). The degradation of the BCAAs starts with their ...
Complementation Analysis of Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders
... concentration of [3H]palmitate we employed routinely (22 MM) is not fully saturating, .2% ofthe substrate is converted to 3H20 by control cell lines (data available on request). The [3H]palmitate concentration is thus virtually constant throughout the incubation period, and MAD:S activities are cons ...
... concentration of [3H]palmitate we employed routinely (22 MM) is not fully saturating, .2% ofthe substrate is converted to 3H20 by control cell lines (data available on request). The [3H]palmitate concentration is thus virtually constant throughout the incubation period, and MAD:S activities are cons ...
Chapter 1 - Nutrition Gardener
... a. Muscles that repeatedly deplete glycogen through hard work will store greater amounts of glycogen. b. Conditioned muscles rely less on glycogen and more on fat for energy. c. Trained muscle cells have more mitochondria and can use oxygen better. d. Untrained muscle cells depend more heavily on a ...
... a. Muscles that repeatedly deplete glycogen through hard work will store greater amounts of glycogen. b. Conditioned muscles rely less on glycogen and more on fat for energy. c. Trained muscle cells have more mitochondria and can use oxygen better. d. Untrained muscle cells depend more heavily on a ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.