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Diapositive 1
Diapositive 1

... The proper length of a pencil is clearly frame independent. When we say the length of a house in the frame v = 0.9999c is the same as the proper length of the pencil, we are not saying that the length of the house is frame-independent. Rather, we are saying that the length of the house in a special ...
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... Λ = Ω1/4 . However, the size of a small mass scale, Λ ∼ 10−3 eV, has not yet been derived from a fundamental theory, and its nature has not been understood either. On the other hand, in very early universe, the dark energy density is expected to maintain at extremely high level for a while to realiz ...
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... Notice the striking similarity of this equation and Eq. (19) for x . Because of this similarity and because we interpret ψ *ψ as the probability density in x (real) space, we can interpret C *C as the probability density in k space. Further, because hk is the momentum of the state ei [k x −ω (k )t ] ...
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... In calculations we used two ab initio codes: OpenMx [4] and Quantum Espresso [5]. The first one uses atomic orbitals, the second one uses plane waves as the basis set for wave functions. The fully relativistic pseudopotentials are distributed only with OpenMx package. However, due to a very large nu ...
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Renormalization group



In theoretical physics, the renormalization group (RG) refers to a mathematical apparatus that allows systematic investigation of the changes of a physical system as viewed at different distance scales. In particle physics, it reflects the changes in the underlying force laws (codified in a quantum field theory) as the energy scale at which physical processes occur varies, energy/momentum and resolution distance scales being effectively conjugate under the uncertainty principle (cf. Compton wavelength).A change in scale is called a ""scale transformation"". The renormalization group is intimately related to ""scale invariance"" and ""conformal invariance"", symmetries in which a system appears the same at all scales (so-called self-similarity). (However, note that scale transformations are included in conformal transformations, in general: the latter including additional symmetry generators associated with special conformal transformations.)As the scale varies, it is as if one is changing the magnifying power of a notional microscope viewing the system. In so-called renormalizable theories, the system at one scale will generally be seen to consist of self-similar copies of itself when viewed at a smaller scale, with different parameters describing the components of the system. The components, or fundamental variables, may relate to atoms, elementary particles, atomic spins, etc. The parameters of the theory typically describe the interactions of the components. These may be variable ""couplings"" which measure the strength of various forces, or mass parameters themselves. The components themselves may appear to be composed of more of the self-same components as one goes to shorter distances.For example, in quantum electrodynamics (QED), an electron appears to be composed of electrons, positrons (anti-electrons) and photons, as one views it at higher resolution, at very short distances. The electron at such short distances has a slightly different electric charge than does the ""dressed electron"" seen at large distances, and this change, or ""running,"" in the value of the electric charge is determined by the renormalization group equation.
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