Topological Orders
... genus g. The ground state degeneracy in FQH liquids is not a consequence of symmetry of the Hamiltonian. It is robust against arbitrary perturbations (even impurities that break all the symmetries in the Hamiltonian)[7]. Only a change in the topological order (ie a switch in the dancing patterns) ca ...
... genus g. The ground state degeneracy in FQH liquids is not a consequence of symmetry of the Hamiltonian. It is robust against arbitrary perturbations (even impurities that break all the symmetries in the Hamiltonian)[7]. Only a change in the topological order (ie a switch in the dancing patterns) ca ...
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... The resonance lines are found by calculating the transmission through the quantum dot as function of X` and Xr . One then finds [30] that when either X` or Xr is varied while the other parameter is kept fixed, the maxima of the transmission occur on two ‘resonance lines’, shown in thick lines in Fig ...
... The resonance lines are found by calculating the transmission through the quantum dot as function of X` and Xr . One then finds [30] that when either X` or Xr is varied while the other parameter is kept fixed, the maxima of the transmission occur on two ‘resonance lines’, shown in thick lines in Fig ...
An Introduction to QBism with an Application to the Locality of
... judgment of the agent assigning that state.13 The notorious “collapse of the wave-function” is nothing but the updating of an agent’s state assignment on the basis of her experience. Acting as an agent, Alice can use the formalism of quantum mechanics to model any physical system external to herself ...
... judgment of the agent assigning that state.13 The notorious “collapse of the wave-function” is nothing but the updating of an agent’s state assignment on the basis of her experience. Acting as an agent, Alice can use the formalism of quantum mechanics to model any physical system external to herself ...
LETTERS Nature of the superconductor–insulator transition in disordered superconductors Yonatan Dubi
... neglects phase fluctuations altogether, and all regions with nonvanishing D are thus phase-correlated. Consequently, within this approximation, as long as ÆjDjæ—the spatially averaged jDj—fails to vanish, the system behaves as a bulk superconductor. With increasing magnetic field, disorder or temper ...
... neglects phase fluctuations altogether, and all regions with nonvanishing D are thus phase-correlated. Consequently, within this approximation, as long as ÆjDjæ—the spatially averaged jDj—fails to vanish, the system behaves as a bulk superconductor. With increasing magnetic field, disorder or temper ...
referring
... as used in the Kramers–Heisenberg theory of dispersion.41,42 It took Born only a few days to show that Heisenberg’s quantum condition, Eq. 共16兲, was the diagonal matrix element of Eq. 共11兲, and to guess43 that the off-diagonal elements of x̂p̂⫺p̂x̂ were zero, a result that was shown to be compatible ...
... as used in the Kramers–Heisenberg theory of dispersion.41,42 It took Born only a few days to show that Heisenberg’s quantum condition, Eq. 共16兲, was the diagonal matrix element of Eq. 共11兲, and to guess43 that the off-diagonal elements of x̂p̂⫺p̂x̂ were zero, a result that was shown to be compatible ...
Study Notes
... understand the general behavior of some physical system and to obtain the laws of physics which govern the system and not to solve a particular problem to high precision. However, engineers must solve “real world” problems without excessive simplification (air drag often can’t be neglected). They of ...
... understand the general behavior of some physical system and to obtain the laws of physics which govern the system and not to solve a particular problem to high precision. However, engineers must solve “real world” problems without excessive simplification (air drag often can’t be neglected). They of ...
Solid State Physics from the Mathematicians` Point of View
... overlooking the fact that there may be no eigenfunctions at all. There are also no periodic (eigen)functions as they would not be square integrable over the entire space R3 , and hence would not be interpretable in terms of any probability. On the other hand, Bloch and others defined a particular ty ...
... overlooking the fact that there may be no eigenfunctions at all. There are also no periodic (eigen)functions as they would not be square integrable over the entire space R3 , and hence would not be interpretable in terms of any probability. On the other hand, Bloch and others defined a particular ty ...
Module P11.4 Quantum physics of solids
... example, to a liquid, which takes on the shape of its containing vessel). The forces of interaction between the atoms in the solid must therefore be strong and the bonds between them stable under the prevailing physical conditions. In Subsection 2.1, we look at the way in which quantum physics may b ...
... example, to a liquid, which takes on the shape of its containing vessel). The forces of interaction between the atoms in the solid must therefore be strong and the bonds between them stable under the prevailing physical conditions. In Subsection 2.1, we look at the way in which quantum physics may b ...
Force and Motion I 4.0
... Depending on the tilt of the track, the cart will accelerate up or down. However, there exists one special tilt angle such that the two-mass system is in equilibrium − a special state where the masses do not move at all! In this state of zero acceleration , the net force on each mass is equal to zer ...
... Depending on the tilt of the track, the cart will accelerate up or down. However, there exists one special tilt angle such that the two-mass system is in equilibrium − a special state where the masses do not move at all! In this state of zero acceleration , the net force on each mass is equal to zer ...
Renormalization group
In theoretical physics, the renormalization group (RG) refers to a mathematical apparatus that allows systematic investigation of the changes of a physical system as viewed at different distance scales. In particle physics, it reflects the changes in the underlying force laws (codified in a quantum field theory) as the energy scale at which physical processes occur varies, energy/momentum and resolution distance scales being effectively conjugate under the uncertainty principle (cf. Compton wavelength).A change in scale is called a ""scale transformation"". The renormalization group is intimately related to ""scale invariance"" and ""conformal invariance"", symmetries in which a system appears the same at all scales (so-called self-similarity). (However, note that scale transformations are included in conformal transformations, in general: the latter including additional symmetry generators associated with special conformal transformations.)As the scale varies, it is as if one is changing the magnifying power of a notional microscope viewing the system. In so-called renormalizable theories, the system at one scale will generally be seen to consist of self-similar copies of itself when viewed at a smaller scale, with different parameters describing the components of the system. The components, or fundamental variables, may relate to atoms, elementary particles, atomic spins, etc. The parameters of the theory typically describe the interactions of the components. These may be variable ""couplings"" which measure the strength of various forces, or mass parameters themselves. The components themselves may appear to be composed of more of the self-same components as one goes to shorter distances.For example, in quantum electrodynamics (QED), an electron appears to be composed of electrons, positrons (anti-electrons) and photons, as one views it at higher resolution, at very short distances. The electron at such short distances has a slightly different electric charge than does the ""dressed electron"" seen at large distances, and this change, or ""running,"" in the value of the electric charge is determined by the renormalization group equation.