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Human Origins and Antiquity
Human Origins and Antiquity

... archaeology, linguistics, and cultural anthropology. Physical anthropology, also known as biological anthropology, involves the study of human physical characteristics and how they relate to the origins, evolution, and variations of human culture and behaviour. The main concentrations of investigati ...
Hardy-Weinberg equation
Hardy-Weinberg equation

... 3. Individuals do not migrate into or out of population (no migration) 4. Population is infinitely large (or large enough that sampling error doesn’t alter allele frequencies from one generation to next) 5. Individuals mate randomly 6. Alleles studied are on autosomes. ...
Pedigree analysis
Pedigree analysis

... ability to taste certain substances, and even whether you have dry or sticky earwax! Other genes may actually cause disease. Sickle cell anemia, muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis are each caused by a specific allele of a human gene, and can therefore be inherited from one generation to the next. ...
The Spurious Foundation of Genetic Engineering
The Spurious Foundation of Genetic Engineering

... among "life as a fly, a carrot, or a man." In fact, an inattentive reader of genomic CDs might easily mistake Walter Gilbert for a mouse, 99 percent of whose genes have human counterparts. The surprising results contradicted the scientific premise on which the genome project was undertaken and dethr ...
Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics

...  Does not account for functions of “orthologs”. In many cases, an analysis will be based on the assumption that orthologs (determined by sequence homology) have the same function. But, this is not necessarily the case. For example, you might look for regulatory motifs in the upstream region of orth ...
Chemokine RANTES –403 G/A polymorphism in two Slavonic
Chemokine RANTES –403 G/A polymorphism in two Slavonic

... Hungarian patients (Szalai et al. Atherosclerosis 2001;158:233-39). • In a LURIC (The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular health) study in German population RANTES 403*A allele was significantly associated with CAD (Simeoni et al. European Heart Journal 2004; 25,1438-46) ...
10/16 - link
10/16 - link

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Behavioral Genetics
Behavioral Genetics

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Principals of General Zoology (Zoo-103)
Principals of General Zoology (Zoo-103)

...  Genetic variation, variation in alleles of genes, occurs between individuals or between populations. ...
Mendel`s Legacy
Mendel`s Legacy

... Heterozygous Advantage • Until recently homozygous recessive individuals never lived to adulthood. Therefore the presence of the allele should have decreasing each generation. However in some African regions nearly half of an entire population would be heterozygous for the condition. • How could t ...
Development of behavior
Development of behavior

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Biology Passage 2 - HCC Learning Web
Biology Passage 2 - HCC Learning Web

... 1. Test Cross uses mating as a genetic tool to experimentally determine genotypes by observing the phenotypes of filial progeny (F) from a cross of parents (P) follows Mendelian Hereditary Law (Great – we can predict outcome!) 2. Punnett Squares theoretically predict the results of a cross between t ...
Karyotypes - Groch Biology
Karyotypes - Groch Biology

... content, but the genes used (expressed) by the cell may be regulated in different ways. For example, the gene to create the actin and myosin proteins that are capable of contracting are expressed in muscle cells, but are dormant (not expressed) in skin cells. Not all DNA codes for a protein. Some se ...
slides
slides

... Less  mutable  than  other  forms  of  polymorphisms   SNPs  account  for  around  90%  of  human  genomic  varia@on   About  10  million  SNPs  exist  in  human  popula@ons   Most  SNPs  are  outside  of  the  protein  coding  regions ...
Wide Crosses - University of Illinois Archives
Wide Crosses - University of Illinois Archives

... In terms of the location of genetic material in traditional breeding, since it occurs between organisms that share a recent evolutionary background, it involves the shuffling around of different versions (called alleles) of the same gene. Furthermore, these genes are usually fixed in their location ...
Case report
Case report

... encopresis. He is the second child of non-consanguineous parents. There was no family history of developmental disorders. Pregnancy and delivery at 42 weeks gestational age were uneventful. He was born with a unilateral coloboma of the eye. Early milestones of psychomotor and language development we ...
Zoos and conservation
Zoos and conservation

... Stochastic extinction refers to the effect by which a small population goes extinct by an accumulation of random bad luck. A surplus of males will reduce future population size – big deviations from 50:50 are much more likely in small populations. There is a genetic ratchet: the gene pool can get sm ...
Document
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... Other genetic disorders are autosomal recessive • An individual with AA does NOT have disorder • An individual with Aa does NOT have disorder, but is a carrier • An individual with aa DOES have the disorder ...
AP Biology - Cloudfront.net
AP Biology - Cloudfront.net

... 4. In a large, randomly mating population with no forces acting to change gene frequencies, the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals for the character extralong eyelashes is 90 per 1000, or 0.09. What percentage of the population carries this trait but displays the dominant phenotype, shor ...
The GC-content is very variable in different geneome regions
The GC-content is very variable in different geneome regions

... consequence this can be the main difference between species: the variability of genes more than the protein characteristics. Moreover we know that euchromatic regions undergo crossing over with an high probability [20]. It is known that CENP-A, a centromere protein, is able to identify centromeres b ...
CLASS 1 Introduction to genetics Dr. Szymon Zmorzyński A) TOPICS
CLASS 1 Introduction to genetics Dr. Szymon Zmorzyński A) TOPICS

... II) Basic terms: genetics, nucleic acid, DNA and RNA, DNA replication, DNA polymerase, helicase, DNA ligase, gene, allele (dominant and recessive), codominant alleles, exon, intron, transcription, reverse transcription, RNA polymerase, promotor, enhancer, silencer, translation, genetic code, codon, ...
CLASS 1 Introduction to genetics Dr. Szymon Zmorzyński A) TOPICS
CLASS 1 Introduction to genetics Dr. Szymon Zmorzyński A) TOPICS

... II) Basic terms: genetics, nucleic acid, DNA and RNA, DNA replication, DNA polymerase, helicase, DNA ligase, gene, allele (dominant and recessive), codominant alleles, exon, intron, transcription, reverse transcription, RNA polymerase, promotor, enhancer, silencer, translation, genetic code, codon, ...
Section 7 - Glow Blogs
Section 7 - Glow Blogs

... Today you are going to pair up with someone and “make a baby” by carrying out the following instructions: ◦ Traits will be written on the board – the dominant, recessive or codominant version will be described. ◦ You cannot choose which trait your baby has, this will be determined by rolling the dic ...
Mode of Inheritance
Mode of Inheritance

... Tay-Sachs gene is located on chromosome 15. This disease is most prevalent in Jewish people from central and eastern European descent. ...
Introduction to Genetics using Punnett Squares
Introduction to Genetics using Punnett Squares

... In pea plants, tall pea plants (T) are dominant over short pea plants (t). Construct a Punnett Square for a heterozygous tall pea plant and a short pea plant. ...
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Human genetic variation



Human genetic variation is the genetic differences both within and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (genes), leading to polymorphism. Many genes are not polymorphic, meaning that only a single allele is present in the population: the gene is then said to be fixed. On average, in terms of DNA sequence all humans are 99.9% similar to any other humans.No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins, who develop from one zygote, have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting. Alleles occur at different frequencies in different human populations, with populations that are more geographically and ancestrally remote tending to differ more.Causes of differences between individuals include the exchange of genes during meiosis and various mutational events. There are at least two reasons why genetic variation exists between populations. Natural selection may confer an adaptive advantage to individuals in a specific environment if an allele provides a competitive advantage. Alleles under selection are likely to occur only in those geographic regions where they confer an advantage. The second main cause of genetic variation is due to the high degree of neutrality of most mutations. Most mutations do not appear to have any selective effect one way or the other on the organism. The main cause is genetic drift, this is the effect of random changes in the gene pool. In humans, founder effect and past small population size (increasing the likelihood of genetic drift) may have had an important influence in neutral differences between populations. The theory that humans recently migrated out of Africa supports this.The study of human genetic variation has both evolutionary significance and medical applications. It can help scientists understand ancient human population migrations as well as how different human groups are biologically related to one another. For medicine, study of human genetic variation may be important because some disease-causing alleles occur more often in people from specific geographic regions. New findings show that each human has on average 60 new mutations compared to their parents.Apart from mutations, many genes that may have aided humans in ancient times plague humans today. For example, it is suspected that genes that allow humans to more efficiently process food are those that make people susceptible to obesity and diabetes today.
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