Motoo Kimura and James Crow on the Infinitely Many Alleles Model
... imura and Crow’s 1964 article is justly regarded as one of the foundational articles of evolutionary molecular genetics. It is based on what they called the “infinite alleles” model (now called the “infinitely many alleles” model). This model was motivated by the recognition that a gene is a sequence ...
... imura and Crow’s 1964 article is justly regarded as one of the foundational articles of evolutionary molecular genetics. It is based on what they called the “infinite alleles” model (now called the “infinitely many alleles” model). This model was motivated by the recognition that a gene is a sequence ...
Hereditary ataxias: overview
... ADCAs include nucleotide expansions occurring in either expressed or nonexpression regions of the gene, point mutations, duplications, and deletions. Some of the earliest identified and most common ADCAs result from CAG trinucleotide expansions. SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, SCA12, SCA17, and DRPLA ...
... ADCAs include nucleotide expansions occurring in either expressed or nonexpression regions of the gene, point mutations, duplications, and deletions. Some of the earliest identified and most common ADCAs result from CAG trinucleotide expansions. SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, SCA12, SCA17, and DRPLA ...
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1): Phenotype-genotype
... Sequence analysis revealed that the 14 normal SCA1 alleles with 29 and 30 triplets as well as the alleles with 35 ± 38 triplets are interrupted by the sequence CAT CAG CAT. In alleles with 39 ± 41 triplets the interruption is missing in six of seven cases. DNA sequences are summarised in Table 1. Al ...
... Sequence analysis revealed that the 14 normal SCA1 alleles with 29 and 30 triplets as well as the alleles with 35 ± 38 triplets are interrupted by the sequence CAT CAG CAT. In alleles with 39 ± 41 triplets the interruption is missing in six of seven cases. DNA sequences are summarised in Table 1. Al ...
Epigenetic Interactions among Three dTph1 Transposons in Two
... elements of maize are thought to transpose by a (quasi)replicative mechanism in germinal cells, and the structure of Mu excision products fits with a DSB repair model (Lisch et al., 1995; Hsia and Schnable, 1996; Mathern and Hake, 1997). Even though reversion of Ac insertion alleles in maize does no ...
... elements of maize are thought to transpose by a (quasi)replicative mechanism in germinal cells, and the structure of Mu excision products fits with a DSB repair model (Lisch et al., 1995; Hsia and Schnable, 1996; Mathern and Hake, 1997). Even though reversion of Ac insertion alleles in maize does no ...
Specificity of Insertion by the Translocatable Tetracycline Resistance Element Tn10.
... mapping places an upper limit of about 50 basepairs on the distance between different insertions within a cluster. Different insertions within a cluster usually have the same reversion frequency; however, heterogeneity in reversion frequency has been detected in at least two clusters. For most clust ...
... mapping places an upper limit of about 50 basepairs on the distance between different insertions within a cluster. Different insertions within a cluster usually have the same reversion frequency; however, heterogeneity in reversion frequency has been detected in at least two clusters. For most clust ...
Individual variation and individualism
... Twin studies: Virtually all twin research about criminal behaviour shows a significantly higher concordance among monozygotic than among dizygotic twins, even after control for a number of mediating factors (31%-13%). Those data do not proof that criminal behaviour is genetically determined, but ...
... Twin studies: Virtually all twin research about criminal behaviour shows a significantly higher concordance among monozygotic than among dizygotic twins, even after control for a number of mediating factors (31%-13%). Those data do not proof that criminal behaviour is genetically determined, but ...
Wolbachia–host interactions: connecting phenotype to genotype
... Whereas our understanding of the phenotypic outcomes of Wolbachia infection is rapidly expanding, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that mediate these outcomes is very rudimentary. A key step forward has been the recent sequencing of two complete Wolbachia genomes, that of the wMel strain th ...
... Whereas our understanding of the phenotypic outcomes of Wolbachia infection is rapidly expanding, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that mediate these outcomes is very rudimentary. A key step forward has been the recent sequencing of two complete Wolbachia genomes, that of the wMel strain th ...
The amelogenin gene
... retention of the Y locus in a fibroblast cell line GM-1709 which was derived from a phenotypic female with an intact X-chromosome and an isochromosome for the long arm of the Y -chromosome (Lau at al., 1989). However, a controversy arose over the localization of human amelogenin gene on the V-chromo ...
... retention of the Y locus in a fibroblast cell line GM-1709 which was derived from a phenotypic female with an intact X-chromosome and an isochromosome for the long arm of the Y -chromosome (Lau at al., 1989). However, a controversy arose over the localization of human amelogenin gene on the V-chromo ...
Consulta: creatorFacets:"Leitao, Alexandra" Registros recuperados
... Three species of man.-rove oysters, Crassostrea rhizophorae, C. brasiliana, and C. gasar, have been described along the Atlantic shores of South America and Africa. Because the distribution of these molluscs is of great biological and commercial interest, their taxonomy and distribution deserve furt ...
... Three species of man.-rove oysters, Crassostrea rhizophorae, C. brasiliana, and C. gasar, have been described along the Atlantic shores of South America and Africa. Because the distribution of these molluscs is of great biological and commercial interest, their taxonomy and distribution deserve furt ...
Genetic Algorithms and their Application to the Artificial Evol
... There is differential reproduction phenotypes better adapted to the environment are likely to produce more offspring Slightly unfaithful reproduction creates genotypic variations affect traits of the phenotype, which in turn affect fitness These genotypic variations are heritable ...
... There is differential reproduction phenotypes better adapted to the environment are likely to produce more offspring Slightly unfaithful reproduction creates genotypic variations affect traits of the phenotype, which in turn affect fitness These genotypic variations are heritable ...
NCBI Molecular Biology Resources
... COMMENT REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The reference sequence was derived from M17755.2 and AW874082.1. On Feb 25, 2003 this sequence version replaced gi:21361188. ...
... COMMENT REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The reference sequence was derived from M17755.2 and AW874082.1. On Feb 25, 2003 this sequence version replaced gi:21361188. ...
Inference of natural selection on quantitative traits
... acting on species has proven difficult. With new experimental techniques that have been established in the field of quantitative genetics, like the sequencing of DNA or measurements of gene expression levels, it has become possible to find signs of natural selection on the level of the genome. In th ...
... acting on species has proven difficult. With new experimental techniques that have been established in the field of quantitative genetics, like the sequencing of DNA or measurements of gene expression levels, it has become possible to find signs of natural selection on the level of the genome. In th ...
conte et al 2015 genetics - UBC Zoology
... adaptive phenotypic evolution in a natural system. We used quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to discover genomic regions controlling a large number of morphological traits that have diverged in parallel between pairs of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus species complex) in Paxton a ...
... adaptive phenotypic evolution in a natural system. We used quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to discover genomic regions controlling a large number of morphological traits that have diverged in parallel between pairs of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus species complex) in Paxton a ...
Hardy-Weinberg Proportions Methods Manual
... As well as individual genotype deviations from HWP, specific sets of genotypes may overall show deviations from HWP. This may occur in MSAT genotyping as a result of preferential amplification or allelic dropout (alleles that cannot be distinguished from background noise). Similarly, with null MSAT ...
... As well as individual genotype deviations from HWP, specific sets of genotypes may overall show deviations from HWP. This may occur in MSAT genotyping as a result of preferential amplification or allelic dropout (alleles that cannot be distinguished from background noise). Similarly, with null MSAT ...
The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha
... some cytokine gene polymorphisms were analyzed for susceptibility to the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) -308 G/A and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) –915 G/C polymorphisms in the development and clinical progression of chi ...
... some cytokine gene polymorphisms were analyzed for susceptibility to the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) -308 G/A and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) –915 G/C polymorphisms in the development and clinical progression of chi ...
Genetic aspects in sarcoidosis REVIEW M. Luisetti*, A. Beretta*, L. Casali*
... sarcoidosis is triggered by a shared environmental exposure or by a transmissible agent [1]. It is, however, important to start off by saying that this issue remains questionable, not only because of the lack of an unambiguous demonstration of the nature of the putative agent, but also because of th ...
... sarcoidosis is triggered by a shared environmental exposure or by a transmissible agent [1]. It is, however, important to start off by saying that this issue remains questionable, not only because of the lack of an unambiguous demonstration of the nature of the putative agent, but also because of th ...
Single-gene speciation with pleiotropy: effects of allele dominance
... genetic system of delayed inheritance, the first mutant’s phenotype is the same as its wild type ...
... genetic system of delayed inheritance, the first mutant’s phenotype is the same as its wild type ...
Intellectual property rights and innovation: Evidence from
... It has long been recognized that competitive markets may not provide adequate incentives for innovation (Nelson, 1959; Arrow, 1962). Given the presumed role of innovation in promoting economic growth, academics and policy makers have thus focused attention on the design of institutions to promote i ...
... It has long been recognized that competitive markets may not provide adequate incentives for innovation (Nelson, 1959; Arrow, 1962). Given the presumed role of innovation in promoting economic growth, academics and policy makers have thus focused attention on the design of institutions to promote i ...
24 Recombination Hotspots in Nonallelic Homologous Recombination
... the HIV-resistant CCR5-Δ32 mutation (8). The apparent recent origin of this variant has lead to further work examining the possible role of the CCR5-Δ32 mutation in conferring resistance to recent plagues within the past 1000 years (9,10). This dating estimation is almost entirely predicated on an a ...
... the HIV-resistant CCR5-Δ32 mutation (8). The apparent recent origin of this variant has lead to further work examining the possible role of the CCR5-Δ32 mutation in conferring resistance to recent plagues within the past 1000 years (9,10). This dating estimation is almost entirely predicated on an a ...
Inbreeding in Swine, nsif-fs4 - National Swine Improvement Federation
... Most breeds of livestock went through a phase of inbreeding early in their development. This resulted from the need to establish color patterns and other aspects of physical appearance. Since one of the results of inbreeding is to establish more genetic uniformity, those traits that have simple mean ...
... Most breeds of livestock went through a phase of inbreeding early in their development. This resulted from the need to establish color patterns and other aspects of physical appearance. Since one of the results of inbreeding is to establish more genetic uniformity, those traits that have simple mean ...
Genetic Determinants Differences between Vibrio cholerae Biotypes
... The production of the virulence factors CT and TCP is controlled by a complex transcriptional regulatory cascade (63), which is positively controlled by the regulatory proteins ToxR, ToxS and TcpP, TcpH, that in turn control the expression of regulator ToxT (51, 64-66). The expression of TcpP and Tc ...
... The production of the virulence factors CT and TCP is controlled by a complex transcriptional regulatory cascade (63), which is positively controlled by the regulatory proteins ToxR, ToxS and TcpP, TcpH, that in turn control the expression of regulator ToxT (51, 64-66). The expression of TcpP and Tc ...
Primates and Primate Evolution
... c. a hypothesis in need of testing. d. a hypothesis that has been tested a couple of times and might hold true. e. an idea that has been tested and retested and stood up to all tests - its as close to fact as scientists get. ...
... c. a hypothesis in need of testing. d. a hypothesis that has been tested a couple of times and might hold true. e. an idea that has been tested and retested and stood up to all tests - its as close to fact as scientists get. ...
The Genetics of CFTR: Genotype – Phenotype Relationship
... The CFTR gene codes for a symmetric transmembrane protein of 1480 aminoacids that belongs to the family of ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters). The CFTR protein undergoes a complex transport and maturation process within the cell (Rogan et al., 2011; Vankeerberghen et al., 2002). Th ...
... The CFTR gene codes for a symmetric transmembrane protein of 1480 aminoacids that belongs to the family of ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters). The CFTR protein undergoes a complex transport and maturation process within the cell (Rogan et al., 2011; Vankeerberghen et al., 2002). Th ...
Persistence and Loss of Meiotic Recombination
... of alleles, but that its probability of doing so is low, sometimes lower than its probability of doing harm. A previous model examining the loss of active hotspots (Boulton et al. 1997) found that recombination of deleterious mutations did not provide benefits large enough to prevent the rapid loss ...
... of alleles, but that its probability of doing so is low, sometimes lower than its probability of doing harm. A previous model examining the loss of active hotspots (Boulton et al. 1997) found that recombination of deleterious mutations did not provide benefits large enough to prevent the rapid loss ...
Human genetic variation
Human genetic variation is the genetic differences both within and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (genes), leading to polymorphism. Many genes are not polymorphic, meaning that only a single allele is present in the population: the gene is then said to be fixed. On average, in terms of DNA sequence all humans are 99.9% similar to any other humans.No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins, who develop from one zygote, have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting. Alleles occur at different frequencies in different human populations, with populations that are more geographically and ancestrally remote tending to differ more.Causes of differences between individuals include the exchange of genes during meiosis and various mutational events. There are at least two reasons why genetic variation exists between populations. Natural selection may confer an adaptive advantage to individuals in a specific environment if an allele provides a competitive advantage. Alleles under selection are likely to occur only in those geographic regions where they confer an advantage. The second main cause of genetic variation is due to the high degree of neutrality of most mutations. Most mutations do not appear to have any selective effect one way or the other on the organism. The main cause is genetic drift, this is the effect of random changes in the gene pool. In humans, founder effect and past small population size (increasing the likelihood of genetic drift) may have had an important influence in neutral differences between populations. The theory that humans recently migrated out of Africa supports this.The study of human genetic variation has both evolutionary significance and medical applications. It can help scientists understand ancient human population migrations as well as how different human groups are biologically related to one another. For medicine, study of human genetic variation may be important because some disease-causing alleles occur more often in people from specific geographic regions. New findings show that each human has on average 60 new mutations compared to their parents.Apart from mutations, many genes that may have aided humans in ancient times plague humans today. For example, it is suspected that genes that allow humans to more efficiently process food are those that make people susceptible to obesity and diabetes today.