evolutionary computation - Algorithms and Complexity
... evolved (FIG. 1). These structures are analogous to genomes in nature, but might be implemented in any way that the algorithm designer decides is useful, and so might be much more complicated than a simple sequence of values. A FITNESS FUNCTION quantifies the degree to which chromosomes solve a give ...
... evolved (FIG. 1). These structures are analogous to genomes in nature, but might be implemented in any way that the algorithm designer decides is useful, and so might be much more complicated than a simple sequence of values. A FITNESS FUNCTION quantifies the degree to which chromosomes solve a give ...
Distinct Contributions of Replication and Transcription to Mutation
... distinct influences on human genes, such as significantly increased mutation rates in TS genes but a weaker effect on HK genes. Third, mutation pressure from transcription-associated processes contributes more to the mutation rate of HK genes but exhibits weaker effect on TS genes. Our results furth ...
... distinct influences on human genes, such as significantly increased mutation rates in TS genes but a weaker effect on HK genes. Third, mutation pressure from transcription-associated processes contributes more to the mutation rate of HK genes but exhibits weaker effect on TS genes. Our results furth ...
S0735109712013162_mmc1
... bioavailability. All statins appear to be handled by this transporter and three SNPs— C1236T (rs1128503), G2677T (rs2032582), C3435T (rs1045642)—capture the common genetic variation at this locus. Individuals who carry a T allele at each SNPs (i.e., the TT-T haplotype) have higher systemic exposure ...
... bioavailability. All statins appear to be handled by this transporter and three SNPs— C1236T (rs1128503), G2677T (rs2032582), C3435T (rs1045642)—capture the common genetic variation at this locus. Individuals who carry a T allele at each SNPs (i.e., the TT-T haplotype) have higher systemic exposure ...
ORIGINAL ARTICLES Genetic, Functional, and Phenotypic Diversity
... sinigrin) using in vitro assays, and assessed genotypic associations with threshold detection phenotypes. Sequencing identified 3 single-nucleotide substitutions encoding 3 amino acid changes (C145G/P49A, C785T/A262V, and A886G/I296V), which combined to form 6 haplotypes in our sample. In vitro assa ...
... sinigrin) using in vitro assays, and assessed genotypic associations with threshold detection phenotypes. Sequencing identified 3 single-nucleotide substitutions encoding 3 amino acid changes (C145G/P49A, C785T/A262V, and A886G/I296V), which combined to form 6 haplotypes in our sample. In vitro assa ...
Adaptive evolutionary conservation: towards a unified concept for
... alleles’ and ‘shows significant divergence of allele frequencies at nuclear loci’ (Moritz 1994a). From the time that two populations separate, simulation studies indicate that it takes approximately 4Ne generations for there to be a high probability of their having reciprocally monophyletic alleles ...
... alleles’ and ‘shows significant divergence of allele frequencies at nuclear loci’ (Moritz 1994a). From the time that two populations separate, simulation studies indicate that it takes approximately 4Ne generations for there to be a high probability of their having reciprocally monophyletic alleles ...
Wadsworth, Willcutt, DeFries, et al.
... The long-range goals of this project are the identification, characterization and validation of etiologically distinct subtypes or dimensions of learning disabilities. To accomplish these goals, the twins and their siblings are administered an extensive psychometric test battery that includes tests ...
... The long-range goals of this project are the identification, characterization and validation of etiologically distinct subtypes or dimensions of learning disabilities. To accomplish these goals, the twins and their siblings are administered an extensive psychometric test battery that includes tests ...
Darwinian adaptation, population genetics and the streetcar theory
... is to show that this is also true for the biological systems under investigation. For the sake of a simple presentation of new concepts, theorems and proofs are formulated for the case n"2. However, they can be generalized to more than two loci (see Weissing 1995). The paper is organized as if — in ...
... is to show that this is also true for the biological systems under investigation. For the sake of a simple presentation of new concepts, theorems and proofs are formulated for the case n"2. However, they can be generalized to more than two loci (see Weissing 1995). The paper is organized as if — in ...
Glossary of Genetic Terms 11Jul15
... Cellulose - A sugar-rich compound of cell walls of plants and some protoctists CentiMorgan (cM) - (1) A measure of genetic distance that tells how far apart two genes are. Generally one centimorgan equals about 1 million base pairs. (2) A unit used to express distances on a genetic map. In genetic m ...
... Cellulose - A sugar-rich compound of cell walls of plants and some protoctists CentiMorgan (cM) - (1) A measure of genetic distance that tells how far apart two genes are. Generally one centimorgan equals about 1 million base pairs. (2) A unit used to express distances on a genetic map. In genetic m ...
Delineation of a Scab Resistance Gene Cluster on Linkage Group 2
... which localised genetic maps have been developed, providing further support for the presence of a gene cluster on LG2. Here we attempt to delineate the scab resistance gene cluster based on the information available to date. Delineation was aided by the recent development of transferable marker syst ...
... which localised genetic maps have been developed, providing further support for the presence of a gene cluster on LG2. Here we attempt to delineate the scab resistance gene cluster based on the information available to date. Delineation was aided by the recent development of transferable marker syst ...
Using a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism to Predict Bitter
... Some sequences are found at only one site -- a single locus - in the human genome. For many tandem repeats, the number of repeated units vary between individuals. Such loci are termed VNTRs. One VNTR in humans is a 17 bp sequence of DNA repeated between 70 and 450 times in the genome. The total numb ...
... Some sequences are found at only one site -- a single locus - in the human genome. For many tandem repeats, the number of repeated units vary between individuals. Such loci are termed VNTRs. One VNTR in humans is a 17 bp sequence of DNA repeated between 70 and 450 times in the genome. The total numb ...
Genetic basis of mandibular prognathism
... The recent years have seen enormous development in the genetic methods employing modern technologies and allowing for a concurrent analysis of hundreds of thousands genetic polymorphisms located across the genome (the so-called GWAS – genome-wide association studies). The objective of GWAS is to ver ...
... The recent years have seen enormous development in the genetic methods employing modern technologies and allowing for a concurrent analysis of hundreds of thousands genetic polymorphisms located across the genome (the so-called GWAS – genome-wide association studies). The objective of GWAS is to ver ...
Evolutionary origins of invasive populations
... enhanced evolvability at the population level, and might also lead to the maintenance of genetic variation (Turelli and Barton 2004; Meyers et al. 2005). Larger timescale fluctuations would increasingly be experienced as constant conditions, and would allow the population to become fixed for the opt ...
... enhanced evolvability at the population level, and might also lead to the maintenance of genetic variation (Turelli and Barton 2004; Meyers et al. 2005). Larger timescale fluctuations would increasingly be experienced as constant conditions, and would allow the population to become fixed for the opt ...
Positions, Beliefs and Values.indd
... • Designate an area of the room to form a linear “agreement gradient” (for example, the east wall represents “strongly agree” and the west wall represents “strongly disagree”) along which students can stand. Read each statement aloud and ask students to stand along the imaginary “agreement gradient” ...
... • Designate an area of the room to form a linear “agreement gradient” (for example, the east wall represents “strongly agree” and the west wall represents “strongly disagree”) along which students can stand. Read each statement aloud and ask students to stand along the imaginary “agreement gradient” ...
Inheritance
... F1 Cross = F1 (heterozygote) x F1 (heterozygote) Phenotype = Smooth coat seed x Smooth coated seed: Step 1: use the same allele key as above. Step 2: Smooth Coat X Smooth coat Step 3: Ss X Ss Meiosis will separate the homologous pairs (Ss). Step 4: Gamete genotypes are S and s for both parents. Ste ...
... F1 Cross = F1 (heterozygote) x F1 (heterozygote) Phenotype = Smooth coat seed x Smooth coated seed: Step 1: use the same allele key as above. Step 2: Smooth Coat X Smooth coat Step 3: Ss X Ss Meiosis will separate the homologous pairs (Ss). Step 4: Gamete genotypes are S and s for both parents. Ste ...
Educational Items Section Consanguinity Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
... but... if A itself exhibits consanguinity (with a coefficient of consanguinity FA), then a1 and a2 have a probability FA of being identical, and A transmits a1 and a2 with a proba 1/2, i.e. FA x 1/2 Overall, A transmits the identity with a proba: 1/2 + 1/2 FA, or: 1/2 (1 + FA) Note: FA can be equal ...
... but... if A itself exhibits consanguinity (with a coefficient of consanguinity FA), then a1 and a2 have a probability FA of being identical, and A transmits a1 and a2 with a proba 1/2, i.e. FA x 1/2 Overall, A transmits the identity with a proba: 1/2 + 1/2 FA, or: 1/2 (1 + FA) Note: FA can be equal ...
19-Research_project_form_Raili
... and historical skeletal samples in Estonia, which have raised the question of weaning age and its relations to population growth and mortality (Allmäe 1998, 2006, 2014 in print; Heapost 2007). The research questions concerning overall relations between human health, growth, nutrition and environment ...
... and historical skeletal samples in Estonia, which have raised the question of weaning age and its relations to population growth and mortality (Allmäe 1998, 2006, 2014 in print; Heapost 2007). The research questions concerning overall relations between human health, growth, nutrition and environment ...
Hardy Weinberg
... They concluded in 1908 that gene pool frequencies are inherently stable but that evolution should be expected in all populations virtually all of the time. They resolved this apparent paradox by analyzing the net effects of potential evolutionary mechanisms. ...
... They concluded in 1908 that gene pool frequencies are inherently stable but that evolution should be expected in all populations virtually all of the time. They resolved this apparent paradox by analyzing the net effects of potential evolutionary mechanisms. ...
Chapter 5 - Online Open Genetics
... proteins from each different gene have the same (reThe y/y genotype is therefore said to be epistatic to dundant) functions within the same biological pathboth the B and b alleles, since the homozygous y/y phe- way. With yet another pigmentation pathway example, notype masks the phenotype of the B l ...
... proteins from each different gene have the same (reThe y/y genotype is therefore said to be epistatic to dundant) functions within the same biological pathboth the B and b alleles, since the homozygous y/y phe- way. With yet another pigmentation pathway example, notype masks the phenotype of the B l ...
Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (Low
... developments using micro-organisms as a host or vector that are normally able to cause disease in humans, animals, plants, or fungi and that use defective vector/helper virus combinations with the potential to regenerate a non-defective recombinant virus other than those that satisfy the requirement ...
... developments using micro-organisms as a host or vector that are normally able to cause disease in humans, animals, plants, or fungi and that use defective vector/helper virus combinations with the potential to regenerate a non-defective recombinant virus other than those that satisfy the requirement ...
population
... Genetic drift tends to reduce genetic variation through losses of alleles, especially in small populations ...
... Genetic drift tends to reduce genetic variation through losses of alleles, especially in small populations ...
Nerve activates contraction
... • Genetic drift occurs when changes in gene frequencies from one generation to another occur because of chance events (sampling errors) that occur when populations are finite in size. • For example, one would not be too surprised if a coin produced seven heads and three tails in ten tosses, but you ...
... • Genetic drift occurs when changes in gene frequencies from one generation to another occur because of chance events (sampling errors) that occur when populations are finite in size. • For example, one would not be too surprised if a coin produced seven heads and three tails in ten tosses, but you ...
fragments
... – Shorter fragments slip through the tangled molecules of the gel faster than longer fragments © Cengage Learning 2015 ...
... – Shorter fragments slip through the tangled molecules of the gel faster than longer fragments © Cengage Learning 2015 ...
lorenzo-genetics
... on an autosomal chromosome. How would that change your answer to question #10? What, if any, are the differences? Suggested Response: The answer would still be yes, because the maternal grandfather’s defective gene could be passed to a grandchild. However, for a child to be colorblind, assuming colo ...
... on an autosomal chromosome. How would that change your answer to question #10? What, if any, are the differences? Suggested Response: The answer would still be yes, because the maternal grandfather’s defective gene could be passed to a grandchild. However, for a child to be colorblind, assuming colo ...
Plants defend themselves against herbivores trough different
... since the cost is realized only when required. But induced chemical resistance has some associate costs due to possible loses in term of fitness derived from the time required for their synthesis or reallocation. In pine trees, resin and phenolic compounds are the major carbon-based chemical defence ...
... since the cost is realized only when required. But induced chemical resistance has some associate costs due to possible loses in term of fitness derived from the time required for their synthesis or reallocation. In pine trees, resin and phenolic compounds are the major carbon-based chemical defence ...
Human genetic variation
Human genetic variation is the genetic differences both within and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (genes), leading to polymorphism. Many genes are not polymorphic, meaning that only a single allele is present in the population: the gene is then said to be fixed. On average, in terms of DNA sequence all humans are 99.9% similar to any other humans.No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins, who develop from one zygote, have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting. Alleles occur at different frequencies in different human populations, with populations that are more geographically and ancestrally remote tending to differ more.Causes of differences between individuals include the exchange of genes during meiosis and various mutational events. There are at least two reasons why genetic variation exists between populations. Natural selection may confer an adaptive advantage to individuals in a specific environment if an allele provides a competitive advantage. Alleles under selection are likely to occur only in those geographic regions where they confer an advantage. The second main cause of genetic variation is due to the high degree of neutrality of most mutations. Most mutations do not appear to have any selective effect one way or the other on the organism. The main cause is genetic drift, this is the effect of random changes in the gene pool. In humans, founder effect and past small population size (increasing the likelihood of genetic drift) may have had an important influence in neutral differences between populations. The theory that humans recently migrated out of Africa supports this.The study of human genetic variation has both evolutionary significance and medical applications. It can help scientists understand ancient human population migrations as well as how different human groups are biologically related to one another. For medicine, study of human genetic variation may be important because some disease-causing alleles occur more often in people from specific geographic regions. New findings show that each human has on average 60 new mutations compared to their parents.Apart from mutations, many genes that may have aided humans in ancient times plague humans today. For example, it is suspected that genes that allow humans to more efficiently process food are those that make people susceptible to obesity and diabetes today.