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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The name of the project: Stable isotope analyses as a tool to study past human diets. The name of the principal investigator: RA Institution and structural unit: Tallinn University, Institute of History Start and end dates: 01.01.2015-31.12.2018 Research area, 1.5. Biological sciences (biology, botany, bacteriology, microbiology, zoology, entomology, genetics, biochemistry, biophysics, other allied sciences, excluding clinical and veterinary sciences), 6.1. History (history, prehistory and history, together with auxiliary historical disciplines such as archaeology, numismatics, palaeography, genealogy, etc.), 5.4. Other social sciences [anthropology (social and cultural) and ethnology, demography, geography (human, economic and social), town and country planning, management, law, linguistics, political sciences, sociology, organisation and methods, miscellaneous social sciences and interdisciplinary, methodological and historical S&T activities relating to subjects in this group. Physical anthropology, physical geography and psychophysiology should normally be classified with the natural sciences], B460 Physical anthropology, H340 Archaeology, S250 Demography 6. Summary Lately there have been done some palaeodemographic studies on the basis of Iron Age, medieval and historical skeletal samples in Estonia. These studies have raised the question of weaning age and its relations to population fertility, growth and mortality. Also the research questions concerning overall relations between human health, growth, nutrition and environment in the past have also occurred, for example how climate, economics, warfare, famine, epidemics and availability of food resources have affected past human populations. For this purpose four skeletal series from different periods and archaelogical context will be studied by the methods biological anthropology and archeological chemistry (isotopic approach) in order to investigate subsictence strategies of past urban and rural communities. 7. Theoretical background, analysis of previous studies The studies in biological anthropology of Estonian archeological populations are numerous, thus we have quite impressive knowledge in physical appearance, growth, health, and in some cases on the demography of past populations in Estonia (Allmäe 1998, 1999, 2000, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013; Allmäe 2014 in print , Limbo 2008, 2010; Heapost 2002, 2003, 2007, 2009; Limbo 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2013; Allmäe et al 2012). The stable isotope analysis of human skeletal remains, which enhances the possibilities to study past populations and their environments on the grounds of bone chemistry, has not been widely used in Estonia. The stable carbon and nitrogen measurements in archaeological human and faunal bones and teeth are a method for determination of past diets, including infant feeding practices (Fuller 2006, Schurr 1997, Schurr & Powell 2005). The values of δ 13C and δ 15N in adult and subadult bone tissues reflect the composition of diet, does it mainly consist of terrestrial or marine foods, and how much it contains proteins (Richards et al 2006, Katzenberg 2008, Reitsema, Vercellotti 2012). Mesolithic and Neolithic diet (δ 13C and δ 15N) is studied also in Baltic States, on the basis of Zvejnieki cemetery (Latvia) bone remains and on some Estonian Meso/ Neolithic samples (Lõugas et al 1996, Eriksson et al. 2003, Eriksson 2006). Nitrogen isotope values (δ15N ) in collagen of subadults bones reflects the change in infant feeding and small children’s diet, it indicates the average age of weaning in past population under study (Fogel et al 1989,1997; Katzenberg 2008; Richards et al 2002, 2006). The δ 15N analysis from subadult bone remains will provide us with data, which explains the patterns of fertility and mortality in different past populations, especially the child mortality and its relation to infant feeding behavior. 8. Objective, research questions, hypotheses, research methodology (5000) Lately there has been done some palaeodemographic studies on the basis of Iron Age, medieval and historical skeletal samples in Estonia, which have raised the question of weaning age and its relations to population growth and mortality (Allmäe 1998, 2006, 2014 in print; Heapost 2007). The research questions concerning overall relations between human health, growth, nutrition and environment have also occurred, for example how climate, economics, warfare, famine, epidemics and availability food resources have affected past human populations. For this purpose four skeletal series from different periods were picked: Pärnu 16th-18th centuries garrison cemetery (urban), St Barbara (Tallinn) 14th-17th centuries sub-urban cemetery, Pada 11th-12th and Tääksi 14th-18th centuries village cemeteries. Material under study consists around 500-600 human skeletons.First aim is to find out if there were differences in the nutrition and health markers (body height, dental health) between Estonian urban and rural communities from Late Iron Age to Early Modern Times; to observe if the differences in trophic level in adult male and female individuals, children and infants exist. Targeting any differences in diet inside community and between communities (urban, rural). The idea is to compare the values of δ 13C/ δ15N in skeletal remains of different cemeteries from different periods. In all cases the health markers: f e, linear dental enamel hypoplasia (LEH) and body stature will be discussed in relation to δ 13C/ δ 15N values. The growth of children is highly sensitive to environmental conditions, especially nutrition, thus it indicates communities access to food resources. The growth is influenced by poverty also (Eveleth & Tanner 1990), thus growth disruptions may refer to socioeconomic status of the community under study. Disruptions may also refer to disease, rapid and extreme processes in society, like urbanization, war, famine etc. (Eveleth & Tanner 1990). Values of δ 13C and δ 15N in bone/tooth dentine and reconstructed growth curves in connection with climatic and historical data indicate environmental and living conditions in community. Hypothesis: Stable isotopes values (δ 13C and δ 15N) in bone tissues in connection with health markers on skeletons indicate different subsictence strategies and nutrition for past urban and rural communities of different timeperiods. The second aim is to study breastfeeding patterns in Estonian past populations, to determine the age of weaning by examining changes in δ 15N values with age for juveniles within skeletal series. The purpose is to estimate the weaning age for populations from different time-period and areas in Estonia. Weaning age, birth intervals, child mortality and human fertility are related subjects. The child mortality increases when infants are weaned, because of the loss of passive immunity and exposure to infectious agents from supplementary foods. The nursing and weaning practices are culturally different, during famine and/or war (poor access to food resources) the feeding practice of infants and young children could alter. The nutritional studies of infants and children are absent in Estonia; these studies might contribute to our understanding of human behavior during extreme conditions and everyday life. Hypothesis: Stable isotope values (δ 15N ) within juveniles skeletal series indicate different breastfeeding and weaning practices for past urban and rural communities.4. Research methods. Determination of age at death and sex of individuals is performed by using common standards of analysing human skeletal remains (Buikstra & Ubelaker 1994, Schinö 1979, Brothwell 1981, WEA 198, Miles 1963, etc). Also x-ray analysis of dental development will be conducted to specify the age at deaths of subdults (Massler 1941, Ubelaker 1989). The body height of children and adults will be calculated according to osteometric data (Trotter& Gleser 1952, Ruff et al 2012, Telkkä et al 1962, Ruff 2007). Dental and skeletal measurements and stress markers will be analyzed according to common methodologies (Martin & Saller 1957, Ortner 1985, Pindborg 1970). Individuals for analysing will be chosen taking into account biological/osteological data as well archaeological context. C and N isotopes from bone/tooth dentine samples will be analysed in Dorothy Garrod Laboratory for Isotopic Analysis (University of Cambridge Department of Archaeology). 9. Description of prior R&D of the applicant (includes also this not directly related with the topic of the project, 3000) Involvoment of principal investigator and researhces in R & D projects: Theme Finance Project number program Duration Application of new methods in osteo-archaeological research Archaeology outdoors and indoors. Technologies from the prehistoric times to the present day. ETF6899 ETF 01.01.06 - 31.12.09 ETF7880 ETF 01.01.09 - 31.12.12 Arrangement of the Baltic Bioarcheology Meeting 2011 Interactions between the natural environment and man from the geographical, historical and technological aspect. TA/1211 TLÜ UF 15.03.11 - 24.08.11 SF0042476s03 SF 01.01.03 - 31.12.07 SF0130012s08 SF 01.01.08 - 31.12.13 SF0182557s03 SF 01.01.03 - 31.12.07 ETF 01.01.04 - 31.12.07 ETF 01.01.07 - 31.12.11 Reflection of the development of human society in natural environment, ancient technology and archaeobiological material, and its tracing by interdisciplinary methods Social, Economical and Cultural Processes in Prehistoric and Medieval Estonia The antiquities of the Long Barrows Culture in the North Setumaa ETF5973 Where Land Meets the Sea. Maritime Cultural Landscapes in Prehistoric and Medieval Estonia ETF6998 10. Schedule 2015. Determination of bio-anthropological figures (sex, age, pathologies, stress markers, health markers etc), osteometric analysis, archaeological and cultural context of skeletal samples, selection and preparation of material for analysis – first set (δ 13C/ δ 15N) analyses - Pärnu 16th-18th centuries garrison cemetery. The collection and preparation of animal bone samples to estimate the local range of δ13C/ δ15N in nature. Preliminary interpretations of values δ 13C/ δ 15N in context , preparation of scientific papers and presentations. 2016. Age and sex determinations of individuals, analysis of health markers and osteometric data, selection and preparation of material for (δ 13C/ δ 15N). Second set δ 13C/ δ 15N analysis – Pada 11th-12th; Tääksi 14th-18th cc village cemeteries). The collection and preparation of animal bone samples to estimate the local range of δ13C/ δ15N in nature. Preliminary interpretations of values δ 13C/ δ 15N in context , preparation of scientific papers and presentations. 2017. Determination of bio-anthropological indices (sex, age, pathologies, stress markers, health markers etc.), osteometric analysis, archaeological and cultural context of samples, selection and preparation of material for analysis third set of δ13C/ δ15N –St Barbara 14th-17th centuries suburban cemetery; collection and preparation of bone samples to estimate the local range of δ13C/ δ15N . Interpretations of δ13C/ δ15N analysis in context, preparation of scientific papers and presentations. 2018. Synthesis of the project results: interpretation of data, comparative analyses and preparation of scientific papers and presentations. Arrangement of scientific conference “ Human health and subsistence during 12th-18th centuries in Northern Europe.” 11. Budget (staff costs, stipends, mobility costs, infrastructure, services, other costs). Budget Salaries and taxes Scholarships Main assets Abroad assignments Other costs Total Total cost EUR 288,000 38,400 30,000 16,000 60,000 432,400 Annual budgets 2015 72,000 9,600 15000 4,000 15,000 115,600 2016 72,000 9,600 0 4,000 15,000 100,600 2017 72,000 9,600 15000 4,000 15,000 115,600 2018 72,000 9,600 0 4,000 15,000 100,600 Salaries & taxes 72000 EUR per year Principal investigator RA (1,0), and two researcher (JL and LH) both 1,0 position in TLU Institute of History. Scholarships 9600 EUR per year For doctoral student MI scholarship is planned in the first 2015 -2018. For doctoral student NH scholarship is planned in the first 2015 –2016, because he will finish his doctoral studies by then. Then the master level student (GF) graduates and will continue with doctoral studies, scholarship planned in 2017-2018. Main assets 30 000 EUR in 2015 and 2016. There is planned to purchase high-performance workstations, one mobile and one desktop, as computers of the working-team are quite expired and performance figures are low. Modern technologies enable to connect many people (members of the working team) into one working stations, also to build up and use one common database at the same time. This new technology and capacity of work-stations improves exploitation of new capacious software, processing of data (statistical analysis) and preparing for example data-maps and using other graphics software. The digital equipment (connected to the work station) for measuring bones and teeth will be also purchased. It remarkably simplifies the osteometric and odondometric work load. For example: Precision M6300 mobile workstaition and Precision T7400 desktop workstation. Abroad assignments 4000 EUR per year of participants are related to three main topics: working meetings and consultations with co-partners (laboratories), mobility costs of doctoral student and participations in scientific conferences. For example working meeting with partners in United Kingdom (Dorothy Garrod Laboratory for Isotopic Analysis Universityof Cambridge Department of Archaeology) is planned t the beginning 2015. Other costs 15 000 EUR per year .Other expenses are mainly for purchasing lab services from international laboratories for analysing stable isotope values (N, C ) in archaeological skeletal remains (including radiocarbon dating of cemeteries) and in other organic samples if necessary (~12000 EUR). Also the some other small costs for domestic assignments, equipment and software purchasing is planned ~ 3000 EUK per year. 12. Outcomes, their possible application and follow-up activities The Outcomes of the project are following: The methodology how to study different archaeological skeletal materials is facilitated At least two PhD thesisis on the subject At least 6 high-ranked articles on the subject are published This is a pilot-study to examine stable isotope (nitrogen, carbon) values in Estonian archaeological human skeletal materials. Project results are important for further research in bioanthropology and archaeology. Stable isotope analyses provide new data to archaeologists and osteoarchaeologists to study and interpret the biology (diet, health, demography, morphology, etc) as well material culture, burial customs and migration of past population on the territory of Estonia. It has also overall important role in further research in population history, geology, archaeozoology, archaeobotany, ecology and landscape studies. 13. List of publications cited in the proposal. Allmäe, R. 1998. Tääksi 14.–18.sajandi populatsiooni demograafiline analüüs ja kehapikkuse rekonstrueerimine. V. Lang (Toim.). Loodus, inimene ja tehnoloogia : interdistsiplinaaarseid uurimusi arheoloogias = Nature, man and technology : interdisciplinary studies in archaeology (163 - 187). Tallinn: Eesti TA Ajaloo Instituut. Allmäe, R. 1999. Dental and cranial pathologies in Tääksi 14th-18th cc. skeletal population. Papers on anthropology VIII, 9-14. Allmäe, R. 2000. Stature and sexual dimorphism in Estonians of the 13th-18th centuries. Papers on Anthropology, 9, 11 - 23. Allmäe, R. Limbo-Simovart, J.Heapost, L. Verš, E. 2012. The content of chemical elements in archaeological human bones as a source of nutrition research. Papers on Anthropology, XXI, 27 50. Allmäe, R. 2011. The Stone Age quadruple burial in Veibri village, Tartumaaaa Estonia – some anthropological data. Arheoloģija un etnogrāfija, 25, 184 - 191. Allmäe, R.; Limbo, J. 2008. 16. - 18. sajandi Pärnu garnisoni kalmistule maetute antropoloogiast. Pärnumaa 1. köide. Loodus. Aeg. Inimene. (369 - 387).Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. Allmäe, R. 2008. The stature and sexual dimorphism on the basis of skeletal materials of the16th18th century Pärnu garrison. Papers on Anthropology, 17, 15 - 27. Allmäe, R. 2014. ON THE DEMOGRAPHY OF IRON AGE GRAVES IN ESTONIA. Lietuvos archeologija, in print. Brothwell D.R. 1981. Digging up bones. Trustees of the British Museum. London. Brooks S., Suchey J. M. 1990. Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: A comparison of the Acsàdi-Nemeskeri and Suchey-Brooks methods. Human Evolution 5, 227-38. Buikstra J. E., Ubelaker D. eds. 1994. Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains: Proceedings of a Seminar at the Field Museum of Natural History. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Press, Fayetteville. Eriksson G. 2006. Stable isotope analysis of human and faunal remains from Zveinieki. In: Eds. Larsson L., Zagorska I. Back to the origin: new research in the Mesolithic-Neolithic Zveinijeki cemetery and environment, northen Latvia. Lund. Eriksson G., Lõugas L., Zagorska I. 2003. Stone Age hunter-fisher-gatherers at Zvejnieki,northern Latvia : radiocarbon, stable isotope and archaeozoology data. Before Farming1:1 – 25 Eriksson G. 2006. Stable isotope analysis of human and faunal remains from Zveinieki. In: Eds. Larsson L., Zagorska I. Back to the origin: new research in the Mesolithic-Neolithic Zveinijeki cemetery and environment, northen Latvia. Lund. Eveleth, P. B., Tanner, J. M. 1990. Worldwide Variation in Human Growth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Fogel M.,Tuross N.,Owsley D. W. 1989. Nitrogen isotope tracers of human lactation in modern and archaeological populations. Annual report of the Director; Geophysical Laboratory. Washington,D. C.: Carnegie Institution. Pp. 111-117 Fuller B. T., Fuller J. L., Harris D. A., Hedges R. E. M. 2006. Detection of breastfeeding and weaning in modern human infants with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 129: 279-293 Heapost, L. 2002. Pada 12.-13. sajandi kalme osteomeetria ja rekonstrueeritud somatomeetria. Kaarma, H. (Toim.). Eesti Antropomeetriaregistri aastaraamat, 2002 (25 - 40).Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus Heapost L. 2003. Variation of stature in Estonia from the 12th to the 20th centuries. Papers on Anthropology, XII, 51-61. Heapost, Leiu 2007. The cemetery of Siksälä: osteological and paleodemographical analysis. Laul, Silvia, Valk, Heiki (Toim.). A Community at the Frontiers. Iron Age and Medieval (213 - 236). Tallinn-Tartu: University of Tartu Heapost, L. 2009. Osteometric data and the stature of the population of Eastern Setumaa (Pechory and Izborsk districts) in the 11th-15th century. Papers on Anthropology, XVIII, 122 - 143 Katzenberg M. A. 2008. Stable isotope analysis: a tool for studying past diet,demography,and life history. In: eds. Katzenberg M. A. & Saunders S. R. Biological Anthropology of Human Skeleton. Wiley-Liss. Limbo J. 2004 Dental pathologies of male and female in Pada cemetery (12th-13th century). Papers on Anthropology,13,134-144. Limbo J. 2006 Dental enamel hypoplasia in the Pada Cemetery (12th-13th cc.) population in Northeast Estonia. Papers in Anthropology XV,114-123. Limbo, J. 2009. Dental pathologies and linear enamel hypoplasia in Pärnu St. John's church cemetery (16th-18th) skeletons. Papers on Anthropology, XVIII, 234 - 249. Limbo, J. 2011. THE TOOTH SIZE IN THE END OF THE ESTONIAN IRON END. Papers on Anthropology, XX, 241 - 250. Limbo-Simovart, J. 2013. The frequency and pattern of dental caries in archaeological populations from Estonia. Papers on Anthropology, XXII, 121 - 132. Lõugas L., Lidén K., Nelson D.E. 1996. Resource utilisation along the Estonian coast during the Stone Age. Hackens,Tony; Hicks,Shiela; Lang,Valter; Miller,Urve; Saarse,Leili (Toim.). Coastal Estonia: Recent Advances in Environmental and Cultural History (399 - 420). Strasbourg : Council of Europe ; Rixensart : PACT Belgium Martin R., Saller K. (1957) Lehrbuch der Anthropologie, I – III. Stuttgart. Massler M., Schour I., Poncher H. G. 1941. Development pattern of the child as reflected in the calcification patterns of the teeth. Am. J. Dis. Child 62:33-67 Miles A. E. W. (1963) Dentition in the assessment of individual age in skeletal material. Dental Anthropology. Ed. D. R. Brothwell. New York: Pergamon Press. 191-209. Meindl R. S., Lovejoy C. O. 1985. Ectocranial suture closure: A revised method for the determination of skeletal age at death based on the lateral anterior sutures. Amer J Phys Anthropol, 68,57-66. Miles A. E. W. 1963. Dentition in the assessment of individual age in skeletal material. Dental Anthropology. Ed. D. R. Brothwell. New York: Pergamon Press. 191-209. Ortner D. J. 1985 Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains / Donald J. Ortner and Walter G.J. Putschar. Washington : Smithsonian Institution Press. Pindborg J. J. 1970. Pathology of the Dental Hard Tissues. Munsgaard. Copenhagen. Price, T. D., Qvarnström, A. Darren E. Irwin, A.D. 2003. The role of phenotypic plasticity in driving genetic evolution. Proceedings of Royal. Society Lond. B., 270, 1433–1440 DOI 10.1098/rspb.2003.2372 Reitsema LJ, Vercellotti G. 2012. Stable isotope evidence for sex- and status-based variations in diet and life history at medieval Trino Vercellese, Italy. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:589–600. Richards M. P., Fuller B. T., Molleson T. I. 2006. Stable isotope paleodietary study of humans and fauna from the multi-period (Iron Age, Viking and Late Medieval ) site of Newark Bay, Orkney. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 122-131Richards M. P., Mays S., Fuller B. T. 2002. Stable ca.bon and nitrogen isotope values of bone and teeth reflect weaning age at the Medieval Wharram Percy Site, Yorkshire, UK. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 119: 205-210. Ruff, C. D. 2007. Body Size Prediction From Juvenile Skeletal Remains. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 133:698–716. Ruff, C. B., Holt, B. M., Niskanen, M., Sladék, V., Berner, M., Garofalo, E., Garvin, H.M., Hora, M., Maijanen, H., Niinimäki, S.,Kati Salo, K.,Schuplerová, E., Dannielle Tompkins, D. 2012. Stature and Body Mass Estimation From Skeletal Remains in the European Holocene. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148:601–617 . Schinö H. R. 1979. Lehrbuch der Röntgendiagnostik, Bd.II, Teil 1. Skelett. Hrsg. von H. R. Schinö et al. Stuttgart, 1979. Shurr M. R. 1997 Stable nitrogen isotopes as evidence for the age of weaning at the Angel Site: a comparison of isotopic and demographic measures of weaning age. Journal of Archaeological Science 24: 919-927 Shurr M. R., Powell M. L. 2005. The role of changing childhood diets in the prehistoric evolution of food production: an isotopic assessment. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126: 278294 Telkkä A., Palkama A., Virtama P. 1962. Prediction of stature from radiographs of long bones in children. J Forensic Sci 7, 474–479. Trotter M., Gleser G. C. 1952. Estimation of stature from long bones of American Whites and Negroes. Amer J Phys Anthropol, 16, 1, 463–514. Ubelaker D. H. 1989. Human Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Analysis, Interpretation. 2nd ed. Taraxacum, Washington. WEA 1980=Recommendations 1980. Workshop of European anthropologists, “Recommendations for Age and Sex Diagnoses of Skeletons.” – Journal of Human Evolution, 9, 517–549