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2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. English Brushup, 3E John
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. English Brushup, 3E John

... • Although air traffic controllers regulate flight patterns. – Corrected: Although air traffic controllers regulate traffic patterns, they cannot control the weather. English Brushup, 3E ...
`Word syntax` and semantic principles
`Word syntax` and semantic principles

... marian and constitute the second domain in word form ation where syntactic explanations seem to be called for. Again, we will sketch a non-syntactic approach in section 4. With one major exception, further subtheories of U G like the theory of barrierhood (cf. Chomsky, 1986b), control and binding th ...
Non-standard functions of "like" in spoken discourse
Non-standard functions of "like" in spoken discourse

... Corpus of Contemporary American English ...
The Meaning of Syntactic Dependencies
The Meaning of Syntactic Dependencies

... dependency is elaborated by a lexical unit, then we obtain a more specific pattern. This is what we call a "lexico-syntactic pattern". In the linguistic litterature (for instance, in Construction Grammar), there is a great variety of syntactic and lexico-syntactic patterns. Here, we are only interes ...
Noun Faithfulness and Word Stress in Tuyuca Jennifer L. Smith
Noun Faithfulness and Word Stress in Tuyuca Jennifer L. Smith

... accounting for both the general pattern (section 3.2) and the special case of finalaccent verbs with monosyllabic nominalizers (section 3.3). But first, one more point must be considered: the relationship between accent and stress in Tuyuca. This relationship can be viewed in two different ways. One ...
Subjunctives: How much left periphery do you need? Manuela
Subjunctives: How much left periphery do you need? Manuela

... The second problem we have detected concerning subjunctive is that little attention has been paid to the information structure of subjunctive sentences. The exceptions have been Kempchinsky (2008) and Baunaz et al. (2013). For the former desiderative verbs are not compatible with contrastive focus i ...
Parallel Structure Notes
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... Rule 3. Use parallel structure with elements being compared. (X is more than / better than Y) When we compare things, we often use words such as more, less, better, and worse, We connect the items being compared with words like as and than. Comparing items without using parallel structure may cause ...
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... She sleeps in a cabin with the ten-year-olds. She says that some of them are homesick at first. They usually get over it after a couple of days. CHANGE TO: My cousin enjoys her job as a summer camp counselor. During the day, she teaches crafts, and at night she sleeps in a cabin with the ten-year-ol ...
Topicalisation and Left-Dislocation in European Portuguese Robert
Topicalisation and Left-Dislocation in European Portuguese Robert

... finds that TOP is more likely to be contrastive and not to have topic-related functions at discourse level, while CLLD shows the opposite tendency: it is more likely to be topicmarking in its relation to the extrasential discourse, and non-contrastive. The discourse-functional view taken in this stu ...
AP Language and Composition The Cumulative Sentence Sentence
AP Language and Composition The Cumulative Sentence Sentence

... The bleachers rocking with towel-waiving students, our opponents sometimes felt as if they were playing on the deck of a storm-tossed ship. The “absolute” in “absolute phrase” means that it can almost exist on its own in content and structure. With regard to content, an absolute phrase doesn’t reall ...
Grammar Module One: Building Sentences
Grammar Module One: Building Sentences

... It is not always easy to recognize verbs which convey states of being or mind, but they are some of the most used. Examples are: to be, to seem, to have, to appear. In English, subjects usually come before verbs: The battle rages. ...
Grammar Module One
Grammar Module One

... It is not always easy to recognize verbs which convey states of being or mind, but they are some of the most used. Examples are: to be, to seem, to have, to appear. In English, subjects usually come before verbs: The battle rages. ...
SynTagRus – a deeply annotated corpus of Russian1 Abstract. The
SynTagRus – a deeply annotated corpus of Russian1 Abstract. The

... забыл ее и не хочу ее видеть ‘I am afraid that she misapprehends it and interprets (it) as though I have forgotten her and do not wish to see her’ contains толковать 1 even though its third valency (of content) is presented in a highly non-canonical way – by a subordinate clause introduced with the ...
The Independent Clause and Simple Sentence
The Independent Clause and Simple Sentence

... It is not always easy to recognize verbs which convey states of being or mind, but they are some of the most used. Examples are: to be, to seem, to have, to appear. In English, subjects usually come before verbs: The battle rages. However, sometimes the subject comes after the verb: In our neighbour ...
Building Sentences
Building Sentences

... It is not always easy to recognize verbs which convey states of being or mind, but they are some of the most used. Examples are: to be, to seem, to have, to appear. In English, subjects usually come before verbs: The battle rages. However, sometimes the subject comes after the verb: In our neighbour ...
Swarthmore College Writing Center
Swarthmore College Writing Center

... Because Faulkner has written numerous novels, the writer must specify which one of them he’s referring to. Setting the title off with commas would suggest that it could be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence; however, the title is essential for meaning. For the same reason, restrict ...
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... the “noun phrase followed by a verb phrase” part comes from – the order of the constituents after the arrow. Syntax rules can, of course, build things other than sentences: (31) NP → Adj N This rule says that a noun phrase consists of an adjective followed by a noun, like in pretty girls. We know, t ...
Misplaced Modifier Module - Edmonds Community College
Misplaced Modifier Module - Edmonds Community College

... Modifiers are words or a series of words that describe other words: something, someone, or an action. Modifiers should be placed close to what they describe or modify to avoid confusing readers about what is being modified. Simple Modifier + Noun = A large truck. Complex Modifier: Careening down the ...
The Meanings of Connectives
The Meanings of Connectives

... and in common speech are semantically quite remote from disjunction. So it may be entered as even more dramatic evidence of my thesis that textbook authors regularly draw upon nondisjunction-like uses of or to illustrate the differences between what they take falsely to be the main divisions of its ...
New Insights into the Syntax and Semantics of
New Insights into the Syntax and Semantics of

... would like to discuss how the emergence and change of different clause types/forms result in different clause-embedding predicate classes. Additionally, we would also like to pay closer attention to how semantic change of clause-embedding predicates may give rise to or prohibit (new) embedded comple ...
here - Łukasz Jędrzejowski
here - Łukasz Jędrzejowski

... would like to discuss how the emergence and change of different clause types/forms result in different clause-embedding predicate classes. Additionally, we would also like to pay closer attention to how semantic change of clause-embedding predicates may give rise to or prohibit (new) embedded comple ...
Lambrecht 2000
Lambrecht 2000

... by the absence of a topic-comment relation between the subject and the predicate and it differs from the marked ‘argument-focus’ (AF) category by the absence of a focuspresupposition relation between an argument and an open proposition. The theoretical issue explored here is the question of the relat ...
1. the language of mathematics
1. the language of mathematics

... The centered dot ‘ · ’ denotes multiplication. Thus, ‘ 1·x ’ is read as ‘one times x ’ . You may be used to using the symbol × for multiplication. In algebra, however, the × can get confused with the letter x . (Doesn’t 1 × x look confusing?) Therefore, do NOT use the symbol × for multiplication. Th ...
Fundamental Notions in Semantics
Fundamental Notions in Semantics

... expressions can be said to be true or false. Sentences can be true or false, but nouns, adjectives, prepositions (and others) cannot be said to be true or false. What can we do about them? Remember what we said about the meanings of linguistic expressions: we know the meaning of a linguistic expres ...
Chapter 11 Predicates, negative quantifiers and focus: Specificity
Chapter 11 Predicates, negative quantifiers and focus: Specificity

... Negative Polarity Items (NPI) and are interpreted as existentially quantified indefinites in the scope of negation (cf. Ladusaw (1992, 1994), Acquaviva (1993, 1997)). Another influential approach (Zanuttini (1991), Haegeman and Zanuttini (1991), Haegeman (1995); Giannakidou (2000)) holds that n-word ...
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Focus (linguistics)



Focus is a grammatical category that determines which part of the sentence contributes new, non-derivable, or contrastive information.Focus is related to information structure. Contrastive focus specifically refers to the coding of information that is contrary to the presuppositions of the interlocutor.Related terms include Comment and Rheme.
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