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Action-Angle Variables
Action-Angle Variables

Phys202_Exam3_2006.doc
Phys202_Exam3_2006.doc

... 26. Why was it so revolutionary? a. it predicted the quantized state of the photon b. it explained the photoelectric effect c. ~ it made matter into a wave whereas it had always been thought of as a particle d. it showed that there was no negative mass state 27. What explicitly did Heisenberg propos ...
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... dependence in the effective action is compensated by the running of the parameter Λ (as in QED where the μ dependence is compensated by the running charge e(μ). The overall action S which contains a running Λ(μ) is scale independent. • The physical interpretation of the RGE scale can be achieved cal ...
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... Objectification: we took to be the process of naming things (semiotics). “Making things which can become markers for some perceptual complex, so starting the process of symbolic representation” (21). This represents the key problem of psychology (distinguishing humans from rats). General Systems The ...
Hidden Variables as Fruitful Dead Ends
Hidden Variables as Fruitful Dead Ends

... clear story about what’s “really there” prior to measurement. Ergo, one should infer the existence of deeper laws, which tell the “real story” and from which the probability calculus can be derived (either exactly or as a limiting approximation) ...
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... + corresponding to parahelium (symmetric spatial wave function) and − corresponding to orthohelium (anti-symmetric spatial wave function). The exchange energy Anl , although of purely quantum mechanical nature, can be better understood by evaluating the mean distance square. Assume two particles in ...
Strings in the Quantum World. - Queen Mary University of London
Strings in the Quantum World. - Queen Mary University of London

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... in terms of the chiral fields X(z, z) = X(z) + X(z). a) Recall from the lecture the definition of the normal ordering prescription : . . . : employed above. Give the general relation between normal ordered and radially ordered operators. b) Give the correlator hX(z)X(w)i for the field X(z). Compare ...
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String theory and the origin of the universe—new idea, old problem
String theory and the origin of the universe—new idea, old problem

... of very strange ideas. For example, the universe consists of nine or ten spatial dimensions, along with the one dimension of time.3 Furthermore, all forces arise from the same underlying force (just as electricity, magnetism and the weak force are already known to be interrelated). The properties of ...
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Simulations back up theory that Universe is a hologram

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... ontological energy function. Projecting onto states  with H only happen if there is information loss. ...
From ancient Greece to Nobel prize: a Higgs timeline
From ancient Greece to Nobel prize: a Higgs timeline

... 2008: The European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) starts up the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world's biggest particle 1932: The neutron, similar to the proton but with no smasher. electrical charge, is discovered by James July 4, 2012: CERN announces it has discovered a Chadwick of Bri ...
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New Methods in Computational Quantum Field Theory

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“Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?” JOSEPH LEONARD TUBERGEN

A survey on homological perturbation theory
A survey on homological perturbation theory

Beyond Einstein: SuSy, String Theory, Cosmology
Beyond Einstein: SuSy, String Theory, Cosmology

Linear-Response Theory, Kubo Formula, Kramers
Linear-Response Theory, Kubo Formula, Kramers

... (Actually, because of causality, the upper integration limit, ∞, can be replaced by t, and the lower one, t0 , by −∞, if the perturbation is switched on adiabatically.) The function XÂ,B̂ (t − t′ ) is (apart from a minus sign) identical with the retarded Green’s function GÂ,B̂ (t − t′ ), and, whic ...
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Spontaneous breaking of continuous symmetries
Spontaneous breaking of continuous symmetries

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Classically conformal BL extended Standard Model

< 1 ... 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 ... 358 >

Scalar field theory

In theoretical physics, scalar field theory can refer to a classical or quantum theory of scalar fields. A scalar field is invariant under any Lorentz transformation.The only fundamental scalar quantum field that has been observed in nature is the Higgs field. However, scalar quantum fields feature in the effective field theory descriptions of many physical phenomena. An example is the pion, which is actually a pseudoscalar.Since they do not involve polarization complications, scalar fields are often the easiest to appreciate second quantization through. For this reason, scalar field theories are often used for purposes of introduction of novel concepts and techniques.The signature of the metric employed below is (+, −, −, −).
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