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Cell Surfaces and Junctions
Cell Surfaces and Junctions

... sum of its parts • While the cell has many structures that have specific functions, they must work together. • For example, macrophages use actin filaments to move and extend pseudopodia, capturing their prey, bacteria. • Food vacuoles are digested by lysosomes, a product of the endomembrane system ...
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... poles randomly, only roughly lining up along the midline. Early events of metaphase can coincide with the later events of prometaphase, as chromosomes with connected kinetochores will start the events of metaphase individually before other chromosomes with unconnected kinetochores that are still lin ...
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... evolutionary origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts states that they originated when large cells engulfed, but did not digest, smaller ones. Mutual benefits permitted this symbiotic relationship to evolve into eucaryotic organelles of today. ...
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Ch 3 Cell Size and Scientists

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... lysosomes but contain chemical machinery which uses oxygen to oxidise various potentially toxic substances. This leads to formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which in high concentrations is itself toxic to cells. In order to degrade H2O2 peroxysomes contain large amounts of an enzyme called catala ...
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... Stage 1 Interphase. Phase 1 Rapid growth: The cell is rapidly growing. Phase 2 Growth and DNA Replication: For the two new cells (formed after division, now called daughter cells.), to carry out the activities necessary for life, they require the genetic information contained in the original nucleus ...
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... Mitochondria use oxygen and nutrients to produce most of the energy that a cell needs. For this reason they are sometimes called the cell’s power plant. Different types of cells have different numbers of mitochondria, ranging from one to thousands. Cells that need a lot of energy, such as heart cell ...
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... Microtubules and microfilaments - made of protein and are the skeleton that holds organelles into place ...
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Cell cycle



The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.
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