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AP Biology
AP Biology

... Objectives: The students will To describe structure and function of cell membranes (including the plasma membrane). Compare and contrast methods of cell transport: diffusion/osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, bulk transport (endocytosis, exocytosis). Describe whether each major type o ...
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Chapter 6: Concept 6.6
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... fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. Unlike your body's skeleton, the skeleton of most cells does not keep the same structural pattern all the time. It is always changing, with new extensions building at the same time that others are breaking apart. Different kinds of fibers make up the cytosk ...
Water and glucose can diffuse. Sucrose can`t diffuse.
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... into the cell without expending cellular energy. However, these materials are ions or polar molecules that are repelled by the hydrophobic parts of the cell membrane. Facilitated transport proteins shield these materials from the repulsive force of the membrane, allowing them to diffuse into the cel ...
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Action Potential
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... Protein 3 is known as a beta barrel and is composed of a beta sheet curved into a barrel •Much rarer than the alpha helix transmembrane domain - limited to the outer membranes of bacteria, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. •One well-known representative is a protein called Porin. The inside of the bar ...
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Cell Transport

... Sodium ions inside the cell bind to the carrier protein which changes shape and releases sodium ions outside the cell membrane As a result a phosphate group is released from the pump, returning the channel protein to its original shape, and releasing potassium ions inside the cell For every three so ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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