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Modeling Meiosis - Highline Public Schools
Modeling Meiosis - Highline Public Schools

... Think about Independent Assortment. How many different ways could you line up the chromosomes in order to make genetically different daughter cells?____________________________________________ 7. Anaphase 1: Now, the chromosome pairs separate so that one of each pair of chromosome moves to opposite ...
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Endocrine System: Overview
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Loss of arabinogalactan-proteins from the plasma membrane of

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... animals to test for safety and suggest a starting dose for clinical trials; phase 1 trials on a few volunteers to check dosage and safety; phase 2 clinical trial with a randomised, case controlled design comparing the new drug with current alternative or placebo; phase 3 clinical trials with larger ...
Chapter 6 and 9 - Wando High School
Chapter 6 and 9 - Wando High School

... - Small organelles containing digestive enzymes to break down food particles, worn out organelles, bacteria, and viruses into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell e. Vacuoles - Stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates f. Ribosomes - Protein synthesis g. Endopl ...
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... sodium) diffuses down its electrochemical gradient, the energy released is used to drive another substance (for instance, glucose) against its electrochemical gradient. Thus, secondary active transport does not require energy directly from ATP or from other high energy phosphate sources. Rather, the ...
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Membrane Topology of the Mammalian CMP

Signal sequence peptides at an air-water interface
Signal sequence peptides at an air-water interface

... signal sequence peptides exhibit little homology, but it has been reported that they share common features which may be required for the translocation process (Austen, 1979; Austen & Ridd, 1981; Austen et al., 1984). Although some exported proteins, e.g. ovalbumin, are produced without a transient N ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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