Actin-dependent vacuolar occupancy of the cell determines auxin
... ctin filaments and its myosin motor proteins control a multitude of diverse cellular processes in animal cells, such as muscle contraction, cell motility, as well as vesicle and organelle movements (1). In animals, actin has a strong impact on the regulation of cellular shape and thus on cell size ( ...
... ctin filaments and its myosin motor proteins control a multitude of diverse cellular processes in animal cells, such as muscle contraction, cell motility, as well as vesicle and organelle movements (1). In animals, actin has a strong impact on the regulation of cellular shape and thus on cell size ( ...
The Plant Actin Cytoskeleton Responds to Signals from Microbe
... direct evidence linking specific aspects of either layer of immune signaling have been reported. However, a recent report shows that a T3E protein from Pseudomonas syringae, HopZ1a, targets the microtubule cytoskeleton to circumvent PTI [27]. Similarly, one report describes actin filament stabilizat ...
... direct evidence linking specific aspects of either layer of immune signaling have been reported. However, a recent report shows that a T3E protein from Pseudomonas syringae, HopZ1a, targets the microtubule cytoskeleton to circumvent PTI [27]. Similarly, one report describes actin filament stabilizat ...
Actin branching in the initiation and maintenance of lamellipodia
... Summary Using correlated live cell imaging and electron tomography we found that actin branch junctions in protruding and treadmilling lamellipodia are not concentrated at the front as previously supposed, but link actin filament subsets in which there is a continuum of distances from a junction to ...
... Summary Using correlated live cell imaging and electron tomography we found that actin branch junctions in protruding and treadmilling lamellipodia are not concentrated at the front as previously supposed, but link actin filament subsets in which there is a continuum of distances from a junction to ...
The Pathogen-Actin Connection: A Platform for Defense Signaling in
... Access provided by Michigan State University Library on 07/06/16. For personal use only. ...
... Access provided by Michigan State University Library on 07/06/16. For personal use only. ...
Sarcomeric Protein Mutations in Dilated Cardiomyopathy DCM
... regulatory and essential light chains form the complete myosin molecule. • The structure of myosin is comprised of head, neck, and tail regions. • The myosin head, also known as myosin subfragment 1 (S1), functions as the catalytic portion of the myosin structure. • The essential and regulatory ligh ...
... regulatory and essential light chains form the complete myosin molecule. • The structure of myosin is comprised of head, neck, and tail regions. • The myosin head, also known as myosin subfragment 1 (S1), functions as the catalytic portion of the myosin structure. • The essential and regulatory ligh ...
Arabidopsis VILLIN4 is involved in root hair growth through
... filaments in a Ca2+- and CaM-insensitive manner, and protects actin filaments from ADF-mediated depolymerization, but does not sever, cap or nucleate actin filaments (Huang et al., 2005). AtVLN3 has overlapping and distinct activities with AtVLN1 (Khurana et al., 2010). It not only bundles actin fil ...
... filaments in a Ca2+- and CaM-insensitive manner, and protects actin filaments from ADF-mediated depolymerization, but does not sever, cap or nucleate actin filaments (Huang et al., 2005). AtVLN3 has overlapping and distinct activities with AtVLN1 (Khurana et al., 2010). It not only bundles actin fil ...
Interactions between plant endomembrane systems and the actin
... they are the most well studied proteins regulating this process. Myosin XI isoforms have an N-terminal motor domain, a regulatory neck domain and a C-terminal tail domain. Tail domain deletion mutants are commonly used to study the effect of myosin on organelle movement; these proteins could potenti ...
... they are the most well studied proteins regulating this process. Myosin XI isoforms have an N-terminal motor domain, a regulatory neck domain and a C-terminal tail domain. Tail domain deletion mutants are commonly used to study the effect of myosin on organelle movement; these proteins could potenti ...
Actin Dynamics in Papilla Cells of Brassica rapa
... was soaked in a solution containing 100 mM CD for 4 h. Following fixation, pistils were stained with rhodaminephalloidin. We detected prominent actin bundle fragmentation in the pistils treated with CD compared with those soaked in the control solution containing dimethyl sulfoxide (Fig. 3, A and B) ...
... was soaked in a solution containing 100 mM CD for 4 h. Following fixation, pistils were stained with rhodaminephalloidin. We detected prominent actin bundle fragmentation in the pistils treated with CD compared with those soaked in the control solution containing dimethyl sulfoxide (Fig. 3, A and B) ...
CELL MOTILITY: Spatial and Temporal Regulation of
... to regulate the spatial distribution of its components in time. The spatial boundary created by the cell plasma membrane and typical cell volume of picoliters reduce the meaning of the molar concentration of a specific molecule; so it is important to consider the finiteness of its numbers, unlike in ...
... to regulate the spatial distribution of its components in time. The spatial boundary created by the cell plasma membrane and typical cell volume of picoliters reduce the meaning of the molar concentration of a specific molecule; so it is important to consider the finiteness of its numbers, unlike in ...
Mutations in Actin-Related Proteins 2 and 3 Affect Cell Shape
... Arabidopsis contains eight functional actin isoforms (Meagher et al., 2000) and numerous actin-interacting proteins that exhibit a high degree of genetic redundancy (Staiger et al., 2000). Thus, there are at least 5 profilin, 9 ADF (Actin Depolymerization Factor), 3 fimbrin, 4 villin, and 11 Rho-typ ...
... Arabidopsis contains eight functional actin isoforms (Meagher et al., 2000) and numerous actin-interacting proteins that exhibit a high degree of genetic redundancy (Staiger et al., 2000). Thus, there are at least 5 profilin, 9 ADF (Actin Depolymerization Factor), 3 fimbrin, 4 villin, and 11 Rho-typ ...
letters - Cytomorpholab
... indicating that a potential role may exist for formins in plants. To test whether AtFH5 nucleates actin polymerization in vitro, we purified two carboxy-terminal constructs of AtFH5 fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST) (Fig. 2a). FH1–FH2–Cter consists of FH1, FH2 and C-terminal domains, and FH2– ...
... indicating that a potential role may exist for formins in plants. To test whether AtFH5 nucleates actin polymerization in vitro, we purified two carboxy-terminal constructs of AtFH5 fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST) (Fig. 2a). FH1–FH2–Cter consists of FH1, FH2 and C-terminal domains, and FH2– ...
Cytoplasmic streaming in plants
... In contradiction, myosin XI of C. corallina might be a nonprocessive motor. This suggestion is based on an in vitro assay in which the sliding velocity of actin filaments on a glass surface coated with Chara myosin was shown to be sensitive to a change in myosin density [17]. It was further support ...
... In contradiction, myosin XI of C. corallina might be a nonprocessive motor. This suggestion is based on an in vitro assay in which the sliding velocity of actin filaments on a glass surface coated with Chara myosin was shown to be sensitive to a change in myosin density [17]. It was further support ...
rapid communication - AJP
... with CD2AP in HeLa cells. Besides its interaction with nephrin, CD2AP was observed in colocalization with actin in lamellipodia and membrane ruffles (11, 12). These sites of dynamic actin assembly are further characterized by the presence of the actin nucleation complex Arp2/3 and other specific pro ...
... with CD2AP in HeLa cells. Besides its interaction with nephrin, CD2AP was observed in colocalization with actin in lamellipodia and membrane ruffles (11, 12). These sites of dynamic actin assembly are further characterized by the presence of the actin nucleation complex Arp2/3 and other specific pro ...
Analysis of actin function and organization by a series of mutant
... alleles. All these alleles had at least one missense mutation in the coding sequence; some alleles had up to four mutations (Table 1). The mutations were distributed evenly throughout the actin gene and the corresponding amino acid changes scattered over the entire protein (Figure 1C, 1D). Some of t ...
... alleles. All these alleles had at least one missense mutation in the coding sequence; some alleles had up to four mutations (Table 1). The mutations were distributed evenly throughout the actin gene and the corresponding amino acid changes scattered over the entire protein (Figure 1C, 1D). Some of t ...
Mitochondria use actin filaments as rails for fast translocation in
... mitochondria moving slowly along microtubules (0.220.05 m m s1), while in our study, mitochondria movement along microtubules was less than our limit of detection (0.3 m m s1). In any case, our in vivo study shows that mitochondria and peroxisomes in Arabidopsis and tobacco move quickly and over ...
... mitochondria moving slowly along microtubules (0.220.05 m m s1), while in our study, mitochondria movement along microtubules was less than our limit of detection (0.3 m m s1). In any case, our in vivo study shows that mitochondria and peroxisomes in Arabidopsis and tobacco move quickly and over ...
From filaments to function: The role of the plant actin cytoskeleton in
... cytoskeleton and the host immune system. Additionally, we will highlight current research demonstrating pathogen targeting of actin and actin-associated processes, a relatively new and understudied component of plant immunity. In this regard, and in comparison to immune signaling in humans, current ...
... cytoskeleton and the host immune system. Additionally, we will highlight current research demonstrating pathogen targeting of actin and actin-associated processes, a relatively new and understudied component of plant immunity. In this regard, and in comparison to immune signaling in humans, current ...
Live cell imaging reveals actin-cytoskeleton
... assembly and stabilization of specific cytoskeletal structures. However, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying actin bundle formation. The two LIMdomain-containing proteins define a novel and evolutionarily conserved family of actin-bundling proteins whose actin-bindin ...
... assembly and stabilization of specific cytoskeletal structures. However, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying actin bundle formation. The two LIMdomain-containing proteins define a novel and evolutionarily conserved family of actin-bundling proteins whose actin-bindin ...
The actin cytoskeleton is a target of the self
... plants has attempted to characterize the effect that signalling stimuli have on actin dynamics or, more speci®cally, the state of actin polymerization. Tip growing cells provide a good system whereby the signals responsible for mediating changes to the actin cytoskeleton may be studied. In plants, p ...
... plants has attempted to characterize the effect that signalling stimuli have on actin dynamics or, more speci®cally, the state of actin polymerization. Tip growing cells provide a good system whereby the signals responsible for mediating changes to the actin cytoskeleton may be studied. In plants, p ...
Control of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Plant Cell Growth
... stages of trichome development (stalk elongation and branch initiation) take place normally (66, 86); however, during later developmental stages, actin depolymerization causes branches to swell, twist, or abort. For distortion to occur, the location of exocytosis must be altered by actin depolymeriz ...
... stages of trichome development (stalk elongation and branch initiation) take place normally (66, 86); however, during later developmental stages, actin depolymerization causes branches to swell, twist, or abort. For distortion to occur, the location of exocytosis must be altered by actin depolymeriz ...
actin filament-membrane attachment: are membrane particles
... cytoplasm; and secondly, in order to provide directional movement, the actin filaments must be attached to a membrane with a precisely determined polarity. A mechanism for locating actin filaments in specific regions of cells with the requisite polarity could be achieved by having sites for the nucl ...
... cytoplasm; and secondly, in order to provide directional movement, the actin filaments must be attached to a membrane with a precisely determined polarity. A mechanism for locating actin filaments in specific regions of cells with the requisite polarity could be achieved by having sites for the nucl ...
Actin Filaments of Guard Cells Are Reorganized
... deficit. Such regulation is initiated by sensing environmental and interna1 stimuli such as light, humidity, CO,, and the plant-stress hormone ABA, and is accomplished by osmotic volume changes of the cells. Previous studies have implicated heterotrimeric G-proteins, the H+ pump, and the movement of ...
... deficit. Such regulation is initiated by sensing environmental and interna1 stimuli such as light, humidity, CO,, and the plant-stress hormone ABA, and is accomplished by osmotic volume changes of the cells. Previous studies have implicated heterotrimeric G-proteins, the H+ pump, and the movement of ...
to Light and Abscisic Acid
... deficit. Such regulation is initiated by sensing environmental and interna1 stimuli such as light, humidity, CO,, and the plant-stress hormone ABA, and is accomplished by osmotic volume changes of the cells. Previous studies have implicated heterotrimeric G-proteins, the H+ pump, and the movement of ...
... deficit. Such regulation is initiated by sensing environmental and interna1 stimuli such as light, humidity, CO,, and the plant-stress hormone ABA, and is accomplished by osmotic volume changes of the cells. Previous studies have implicated heterotrimeric G-proteins, the H+ pump, and the movement of ...
Mathematical Biology
... edge, the plateau-like density in the intermediate zone (keratocyte), the gradual drop (fibroblast) or the exponential decay with distance in the back (Lysteria). 2.2. Length and distribution of filaments and their ends Experimental data on filament length distributions in vivo comes from a variety ...
... edge, the plateau-like density in the intermediate zone (keratocyte), the gradual drop (fibroblast) or the exponential decay with distance in the back (Lysteria). 2.2. Length and distribution of filaments and their ends Experimental data on filament length distributions in vivo comes from a variety ...
Ectopic expression of beta-cytoplasmic actin
... studies of actin isoforms have been rather restricted. A further drawback in analyzing the functional significance of the closely related isoforms is the scarcity of specific antibodies that reliably distinguish one isoform from another in mixtures of different actins. Expressing a particular actin ...
... studies of actin isoforms have been rather restricted. A further drawback in analyzing the functional significance of the closely related isoforms is the scarcity of specific antibodies that reliably distinguish one isoform from another in mixtures of different actins. Expressing a particular actin ...
The Human Arp2/3 Complex Is Composed of Evolutionarily
... the control of actin assembly in cells, we determined the predicted amino acid sequences of all of the subunits of the human protein complex. Using peptide sequence information (Welch et al., 1997) to search the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ dbEST we obtained and sequenced full-length human cDNA clones encoding ...
... the control of actin assembly in cells, we determined the predicted amino acid sequences of all of the subunits of the human protein complex. Using peptide sequence information (Welch et al., 1997) to search the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ dbEST we obtained and sequenced full-length human cDNA clones encoding ...
Actin
Actin is a globular multi-functional protein that forms microfilaments. It is found in essentially all eukaryotic cells (the only known exception being nematode sperm), where it may be present at concentrations of over 100 μM. An actin protein's mass is roughly 42-kDa and it is the monomeric subunit of two types of filaments in cells: microfilaments, one of the three major components of the cytoskeleton, and thin filaments, part of the contractile apparatus in muscle cells. It can be present as either a free monomer called G-actin (globular) or as part of a linear polymer microfilament called F-actin (filamentous), both of which are essential for such important cellular functions as the mobility and contraction of cells during cell division.Actin participates in many important cellular processes, including muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division and cytokinesis, vesicle and organelle movement, cell signaling, and the establishment and maintenance of cell junctions and cell shape. Many of these processes are mediated by extensive and intimate interactions of actin with cellular membranes. In vertebrates, three main groups of actin isoforms, alpha, beta, and gamma have been identified. The alpha actins, found in muscle tissues, are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus. The beta and gamma actins coexist in most cell types as components of the cytoskeleton, and as mediators of internal cell motility. It is believed that the diverse range of structures formed by actin enabling it to fulfill such a large range of functions is regulated through the binding of tropomyosin along the filaments.A cell’s ability to dynamically form microfilaments provides the scaffolding that allows it to rapidly remodel itself in response to its environment or to the organism’s internal signals, for example, to increase cell membrane absorption or increase cell adhesion in order to form cell tissue. Other enzymes or organelles such as cilia can be anchored to this scaffolding in order to control the deformation of the external cell membrane, which allows endocytosis and cytokinesis. It can also produce movement either by itself or with the help of molecular motors. Actin therefore contributes to processes such as the intracellular transport of vesicles and organelles as well as muscular contraction and cellular migration. It therefore plays an important role in embryogenesis, the healing of wounds and the invasivity of cancer cells. The evolutionary origin of actin can be traced to prokaryotic cells, which have equivalent proteins. Actin homologs from prokaryotes and archea polymerize into different helical or linear filaments consisting of one or multiple strands. However the in-strand contacts and nucleotide binding sites are preserved in prokaryotes and in archea. Lastly, actin plays an important role in the control of gene expression.A large number of illnesses and diseases are caused by mutations in alleles of the genes that regulate the production of actin or of its associated proteins. The production of actin is also key to the process of infection by some pathogenic microorganisms. Mutations in the different genes that regulate actin production in humans can cause muscular diseases, variations in the size and function of the heart as well as deafness. The make-up of the cytoskeleton is also related to the pathogenicity of intracellular bacteria and viruses, particularly in the processes related to evading the actions of the immune system.