Paper title
... by both CCAMLR (i, above) and the CEP (b, above). Further, CCAMLR criterion (ii) corresponds to areas identified under (a) and (e) by the CEP, i.e. areas where human activities are managed or restricted for purposes of science. Finally CCAMLR criterion (iv), i.e. areas in which important ecosystem p ...
... by both CCAMLR (i, above) and the CEP (b, above). Further, CCAMLR criterion (ii) corresponds to areas identified under (a) and (e) by the CEP, i.e. areas where human activities are managed or restricted for purposes of science. Finally CCAMLR criterion (iv), i.e. areas in which important ecosystem p ...
Climate of the Past
... and Lotti, 1995; Broecker, 1997; Kissel et al., 1999a; Alley et al., 1999; Clark et al., 2002; Ramhstrof, 2002; Broecker, 2003; Hemming, 2004). Even though these phenomena are now relatively well identified, the causes and consequences of such climatic changes and dynamic interactions between ice, o ...
... and Lotti, 1995; Broecker, 1997; Kissel et al., 1999a; Alley et al., 1999; Clark et al., 2002; Ramhstrof, 2002; Broecker, 2003; Hemming, 2004). Even though these phenomena are now relatively well identified, the causes and consequences of such climatic changes and dynamic interactions between ice, o ...
Geology 3015 Lecture Notes Week 12
... • Each factor alone can cause a “little ice age” (14501850) when they act in concert a major glaciation can occur. However, the expected temperature changes from these events cannot account for the 4° to 10° drop seen in the Pleistocene ...
... • Each factor alone can cause a “little ice age” (14501850) when they act in concert a major glaciation can occur. However, the expected temperature changes from these events cannot account for the 4° to 10° drop seen in the Pleistocene ...
Overview
... recruitment timing. A simple coupled biological-physical model (sensu Lewis et al. 1994) will be used to synthesize the results of the initial work, resolve the major pathways of larval transport and identify areas for future study. This research would lead to better fundamental understanding of the ...
... recruitment timing. A simple coupled biological-physical model (sensu Lewis et al. 1994) will be used to synthesize the results of the initial work, resolve the major pathways of larval transport and identify areas for future study. This research would lead to better fundamental understanding of the ...
The record 2013 Southern Hemisphere sea
... sequence of regional wind and cold-freshened surface waters is likely responsible for the record maximum and the generally high 2013 extent. In particular, the Ross Sea sector experienced a combination of cold southerly winds associated with the position and depth of the Amundsen Sea Low, and lower ...
... sequence of regional wind and cold-freshened surface waters is likely responsible for the record maximum and the generally high 2013 extent. In particular, the Ross Sea sector experienced a combination of cold southerly winds associated with the position and depth of the Amundsen Sea Low, and lower ...
The Future Sea-Level Contribution from Antarctica
... uncertainties in future projections of the sea-level contribution from Antarctica, we have developed the Potsdam Parallel Ice Sheet Model, PISM-PIK, which consistently represents the ice flow in sheet, shelves and the transition zone. In a dynamic equilibrium simulation of the Antarctic Ice Sheet un ...
... uncertainties in future projections of the sea-level contribution from Antarctica, we have developed the Potsdam Parallel Ice Sheet Model, PISM-PIK, which consistently represents the ice flow in sheet, shelves and the transition zone. In a dynamic equilibrium simulation of the Antarctic Ice Sheet un ...
the geology of the lakeland finland area
... area are gneisses with greenstone periods. The Archean mountain folding was followed by hundreds of millions of years of erosion, which involved strong faulting and volcanism. The bedrock were splitting strongly, forming sedimentation basements and there was also active volcanism at that time. At th ...
... area are gneisses with greenstone periods. The Archean mountain folding was followed by hundreds of millions of years of erosion, which involved strong faulting and volcanism. The bedrock were splitting strongly, forming sedimentation basements and there was also active volcanism at that time. At th ...
The Lakeland Finland
... area are gneisses with greenstone periods. The Archean mountain folding was followed by hundreds of millions of years of erosion, which involved strong faulting and volcanism. The bedrock were splitting strongly, forming sedimentation basements and there was also active volcanism at that time. At th ...
... area are gneisses with greenstone periods. The Archean mountain folding was followed by hundreds of millions of years of erosion, which involved strong faulting and volcanism. The bedrock were splitting strongly, forming sedimentation basements and there was also active volcanism at that time. At th ...
Hydrosphere and cryosphere
... 2 m over the surface). The main cause of motion in both, the atmosphere and the ocean is the non-uniform solar heating: a collimated energy beam, pointing to different places as the Earth rotates around its axis daily, and revolves around the Sun yearly. The ocean is the set of interconnecting water ...
... 2 m over the surface). The main cause of motion in both, the atmosphere and the ocean is the non-uniform solar heating: a collimated energy beam, pointing to different places as the Earth rotates around its axis daily, and revolves around the Sun yearly. The ocean is the set of interconnecting water ...
1 Mapping in the Arctic Ocean in Support of a Potential Extended
... The Healy transited northward from Nome over the Northwind Ridge until it intersected the 2500-m isobath at approximately 77° 10’N, 154° W, the point where the 350 nmi cutoff limit from the coast of northern Alaska intersects the 2500-m isobath on the eastern flank of the Northwind Ridge. Ice was fi ...
... The Healy transited northward from Nome over the Northwind Ridge until it intersected the 2500-m isobath at approximately 77° 10’N, 154° W, the point where the 350 nmi cutoff limit from the coast of northern Alaska intersects the 2500-m isobath on the eastern flank of the Northwind Ridge. Ice was fi ...
Observation and Parameterization of Ablation at the Base of Ronne
... that is the main source of turbulent kinetic energy near the ice shelf base is generated by the interaction of the far-field flow with a solid, motionless boundary, more analogous to the benthic than to the surface boundary layer, while the large-scale slope of the ice shelf base means that the buoy ...
... that is the main source of turbulent kinetic energy near the ice shelf base is generated by the interaction of the far-field flow with a solid, motionless boundary, more analogous to the benthic than to the surface boundary layer, while the large-scale slope of the ice shelf base means that the buoy ...
Marine protected area network planning in the Western Arctic
... eco-unit or it may be second, third or fourth in importance relative to other more dominant factors. Therefore the classification system can be said to be an area-specific prioritization system derived from inputs that roughly reflect or act in proxy for habitat/ecosystem descriptors. Prioritization ...
... eco-unit or it may be second, third or fourth in importance relative to other more dominant factors. Therefore the classification system can be said to be an area-specific prioritization system derived from inputs that roughly reflect or act in proxy for habitat/ecosystem descriptors. Prioritization ...
Changes In Ice Storm Frequency Across The United States
... experiences another layer of sub-freezing air. This sub-freezing layer is very shallow and does not allow the appropriate amount of time for the raindrop to freeze back into solid form. Instead, the raindrop freezes on contact with any structure or object it encounters at the surface. Multiple preci ...
... experiences another layer of sub-freezing air. This sub-freezing layer is very shallow and does not allow the appropriate amount of time for the raindrop to freeze back into solid form. Instead, the raindrop freezes on contact with any structure or object it encounters at the surface. Multiple preci ...
On the influence of model physics on simulations
... ice simulations are sensitive to the representation of these physical processes. Bitz et al. (2001) focused on Arctic sea ice and noted that the inclusion of an ice thickness distribution (ITD) in their sea ice model led to thicker ice and higher variability of ice export at Fram Strait. Holland et ...
... ice simulations are sensitive to the representation of these physical processes. Bitz et al. (2001) focused on Arctic sea ice and noted that the inclusion of an ice thickness distribution (ITD) in their sea ice model led to thicker ice and higher variability of ice export at Fram Strait. Holland et ...
geoscience_questions
... 1. How does a glacier form? a) a glacier forms if if snowfall exceeds melting by enough, for long enough, to make a big enough pile b) a glacier forms if if snowfall does not exceed melting by enough, for long enough, to make a big enough pile c) a glacier forms if if snowfall exceeds melting by eno ...
... 1. How does a glacier form? a) a glacier forms if if snowfall exceeds melting by enough, for long enough, to make a big enough pile b) a glacier forms if if snowfall does not exceed melting by enough, for long enough, to make a big enough pile c) a glacier forms if if snowfall exceeds melting by eno ...
Polar Marine Communities1
... mixing of the cold Arctic and warm Atlantic In general the Arctic Ocean is considered water masses. Primary production ranges the world's most oligotrophic because of its from 40-80 g C/mVyr. The C/N ratios range very high latitude and permanent ice cover from 6-8, indicative of relatively high qual ...
... mixing of the cold Arctic and warm Atlantic In general the Arctic Ocean is considered water masses. Primary production ranges the world's most oligotrophic because of its from 40-80 g C/mVyr. The C/N ratios range very high latitude and permanent ice cover from 6-8, indicative of relatively high qual ...
... constituent body, either in a session of a working group or by correspondence, the president of the body may, as an exceptional measure, approve the recommendation on behalf of the constituent body when the matter is, in his opinion, urgent, and does not appear to imply new obligations for Members. ...
Sea-level change and shore-line evolution in Aegean Greece since
... gibrid"r under the new water load (Frcuns td), but only for about the past 6000 years does it dominate over the other contributions; relative sea-levelswill have been higher than today from about 6000 years b.p. to the present. The'amplitudes of the highstands are small, up to-about ã m depending on ...
... gibrid"r under the new water load (Frcuns td), but only for about the past 6000 years does it dominate over the other contributions; relative sea-levelswill have been higher than today from about 6000 years b.p. to the present. The'amplitudes of the highstands are small, up to-about ã m depending on ...
Oceanography of the Canadian Shelf of the Beaufort Sea: A Setting
... view that the timing of seasonal events such as freshet, breakup, and freeze-up is more important to biota than standard quantifiable measures (e.g., annual discharge, ice thickness). Thus, climate change—and other changes brought on by human activities—may impact biota by altering the timing and co ...
... view that the timing of seasonal events such as freshet, breakup, and freeze-up is more important to biota than standard quantifiable measures (e.g., annual discharge, ice thickness). Thus, climate change—and other changes brought on by human activities—may impact biota by altering the timing and co ...
Melting of Polar Icecaps: Impact on Marine Biodiversity
... number of species in common. Doing the same at a site in each of the Polar Regions would be quite different; there are no species in common at all. Famously polar bears live in the Arctic and penguins in the Antarctic, but on the seabed things are even more different. There are a number of reasons w ...
... number of species in common. Doing the same at a site in each of the Polar Regions would be quite different; there are no species in common at all. Famously polar bears live in the Arctic and penguins in the Antarctic, but on the seabed things are even more different. There are a number of reasons w ...
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE A Destabilizing Thermohaline
... ocean box. Sea ice is only present in the model when the polar ocean box is at the freezing point of seawater, here held to be constant at 21.98C. Its extent (f ) is determined by the latitude where the atmospheric temperature profile equals the freezing point. If the temperature of the sea water in ...
... ocean box. Sea ice is only present in the model when the polar ocean box is at the freezing point of seawater, here held to be constant at 21.98C. Its extent (f ) is determined by the latitude where the atmospheric temperature profile equals the freezing point. If the temperature of the sea water in ...
Quantifying Physical Processes in the Marine Environment using
... Marie Curie IIF, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Anavyssos, Attiki, 19013 Greece & Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105 USA ...
... Marie Curie IIF, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Anavyssos, Attiki, 19013 Greece & Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105 USA ...
25-3_gordon.pdf
... global system. It is a role it took on some 30 million years ago upon the establishment of a deep, circum-Antarctic oceanic belt as Drake Passage widened. This geological event has been linked to the thermal isolation of Antarctica and to the chilling of the global climate (Scher and Martin, 2006). ...
... global system. It is a role it took on some 30 million years ago upon the establishment of a deep, circum-Antarctic oceanic belt as Drake Passage widened. This geological event has been linked to the thermal isolation of Antarctica and to the chilling of the global climate (Scher and Martin, 2006). ...
PSYCHROPHILIC VERSUS PSYCHROTOLERANT BACTERIA œ
... surface water samples from the Lazarev Sea were studied for CFUs as well as activity. Bacterial production reached higher values at 1°C while bacterial numbers had higher values at 22°C (Table 1). As deep water communities showed higher activities as well as CFUs at 22°C (Table 1) different proporti ...
... surface water samples from the Lazarev Sea were studied for CFUs as well as activity. Bacterial production reached higher values at 1°C while bacterial numbers had higher values at 22°C (Table 1). As deep water communities showed higher activities as well as CFUs at 22°C (Table 1) different proporti ...
Can natural variability explain observed Antarctic sea ice trends
... [Arzel et al., 2006; Maksym et al., 2012; Zunz et al., 2012; Turner et al., 2013]. Of the latter, the impact of increasing greenhouse gases has long been established; see, for instance, Figure 10.13 of Meehl et al. [2007]. In contrast, the impact of stratospheric ozone depletion—the other major anth ...
... [Arzel et al., 2006; Maksym et al., 2012; Zunz et al., 2012; Turner et al., 2013]. Of the latter, the impact of increasing greenhouse gases has long been established; see, for instance, Figure 10.13 of Meehl et al. [2007]. In contrast, the impact of stratospheric ozone depletion—the other major anth ...
Sea ice
Sea ice arises as seawater freezes. Because ice is less dense than water, it floats on the ocean's surface (as does fresh water ice, which has an even lower density). Sea ice covers about 7% of the Earth’s surface and about 12% of the world’s oceans. In the North, it is found in the Arctic Ocean, in areas just below it and in other cold oceans, seas and gulfs; in the Antarctic, it occurs in various areas around Antarctica (the continent). Much of the world's sea ice is enclosed within the polar ice packs in the Earth's polar regions: the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean. Polar packs undergo a significant yearly cycling in surface extent (see Climate change in the Arctic), a natural process upon which depends the Arctic ecology, including the ocean's ecosystems. Due to the action of winds, currents and temperature fluctuations, sea ice is very dynamic, leading to a wide variety of ice types and features. Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs, which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean. Depending on location, sea ice expanses may also incorporate icebergs.