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functional form
functional form

... • Includes exception handling and a module facility for implementing abstract data types • Includes lists and list operations ...
Functional Programming COMP2003
Functional Programming COMP2003

Functional Programming Languages
Functional Programming Languages

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Functional PLs
Functional PLs

notes
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... to it than that. The basic expressions in a program must be interpreted somehow, and a program’s behavior depends on how they are interpreted. We must have a good understanding of this interpretation, otherwise it would be impossible to write programs that do what is intended. It may seem like a str ...
Lecture 15: The Lambda Calculus
Lecture 15: The Lambda Calculus

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Lambda Calculus
Lambda Calculus

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LambdaCalculus

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Functional Programming

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4.6 Lisp - University of Hawaii

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Jun 2004 - University of Malta
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Declarative Programming
Declarative Programming

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Closure (computer programming)

In programming languages, closures (also lexical closures or function closures) are a technique for implementing lexically scoped name binding in languages with first-class functions. Operationally, a closure is a record storing a function together with an environment: a mapping associating each free variable of the function (variables that are used locally, but defined in an enclosing scope) with the value or storage location to which the name was bound when the closure was created. A closure—unlike a plain function—allows the function to access those captured variables through the closure's reference to them, even when the function is invoked outside their scope.Example. The following program fragment defines a higher-order function startAt with a parameter x and a nested function incrementBy. The nested function incrementBy has access to x, because incrementBy is in the lexical scope of x, even though x is not local to incrementBy. The function startAt returns a closure containing the function incrementBy, which adds the y value to the x value, and a reference to the variable x from this invocation of startAt, so incrementBy will know where to find it once invoked:function startAt(x) function incrementBy(y) return x + y return incrementByvariable closure1 = startAt(1)variable closure2 = startAt(5)Note that, as startAt returns a function, the variables closure1 and closure2 are of function type. Invoking closure1(3) will return 4, while invoking closure2(3) will return 8. While closure1 and closure2 refer to the same function incrementBy, the associated environments differ, and invoking the closures will bind the name x to two distinct variables with different values in the two invocations, thus evaluating the function to different results.
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