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Design of a Restartable Crystal Controlled Clock for Use in... Asynchronous, Locally Synchronous Design Methodology
Design of a Restartable Crystal Controlled Clock for Use in... Asynchronous, Locally Synchronous Design Methodology

... This will place the sample and hold (S/H) circuits into sampling mode in which the input is freely passed to the output. During the sampling phase, both multipliers yield to the same output which is sin(ωt ) × cos(ωt ) . The multiplier outputs are applied as inputs to the comparator and the output o ...
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... operates over a 4.5V to 60V input voltage range. It delivers output currents up to 500mA at output voltages of 0.9V to 92%VIN. The output voltage is accurate to within ±1.7% over -40°C to +125°C. The MAX17501 is available in a compact TDFN package. Simulation models are available. The device feature ...
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... while still achieving high overall output voltage, which is desirable as it enables the use of a central, high-voltage, highefficiency inverter. To date, however, the promise of dc-dc optimizers has not been fully realized, primarily due to the difficulty of simultaneously achieving high conversion ...
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... Power supply rejection ratio (PSRR)  The change in an OP-AMP’s input offset voltage (Vios) caused by variation in the supply voltage is called as power supply rejection ratio (PSRR).  It is also called as supply voltage rejection ratio (SVRR) or power supply sensitivity (PSS).Mathematically PSRR ...
Measure Multiple Distribution Panels at the Same Time
Measure Multiple Distribution Panels at the Same Time

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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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