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user`s manual
user`s manual

... The control voltages are normally generated by rotary or fader potentiometers that are connected between GND and +5V. In this case the wiper of the potentiometers outputs a voltage in the range 0...+5V while the potentiometer is operated. Another possibility is the connection of momentary switches o ...
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Bellofram Type 1000 I/P Transducer Installation Instruction

... against the end of a nozzle, and creates a back pressure in the nozzle by restricting air flow. This back pressure acts as a pilot pressure to an integral booster relay. Consequently, as the input signal increases (or decreases, for reverse acting), output pressure increases proportionally. Zero and ...
NCP1565 - Highly Integrated Dual-Mode Active
NCP1565 - Highly Integrated Dual-Mode Active

... controller targeting next−generation high−density, high−performance and small to medium power level isolated dc−dc converters for use in telecom and datacom industries. It can be configured in either voltage mode control with input voltage feed−forward or peak current mode control. Peak current mode ...
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... An inductor is necessary to supply the output of a boost converter with the appropriate amount of power. To dimension the boost inductor LBO you need to calculate the current flowing trough the inductor depending on the required input voltage condition. A worst-case condition, which results in a hig ...
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A novel direct torque control (DTC) method

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... less data bits. The serializers then multiplex the data into a serial stream with embedded clock bits and route to the LVDS output. The LVDS output is a 5 mA current loop driver. It provides enough drive for point-to-point and lightly loaded multidrop applications. The serialized data stream is comp ...
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... This is because an ordinary battery is generally regarded as offering the dual advantages of low noise and high current while also offering total isolation from the usually-noisy 240VAC mains power. Some companies do indeed power their products via a battery, but this is generally an impractical sol ...
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... elsewhere.12 We define the side with Shottky contact as the positive side for easy notation and reference. When the positive probe and negative probe of the measuring instrument are connected to the positive and negative sides of the SWG, respectively, the configuration is defined as a forward conne ...
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... Pressing and holding the button allows quick setting. To manually set threshold values, always configure them so that "HIGH threshold value > LOW threshold value". If they are configured as "HIGH threshold value < LOW threshold value"; - GO judgment is not given regardless of a measured value. - HIG ...
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BD3925(H)

... Input pins of an IC are often connected to the gate of a MOS transistor. The gate has extremely high impedance and extremely low capacitance. If left unconnected, the electric field from the outside can easily charge it. The small charge acquired in this way is enough to produce a significant effect ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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