Policy and Costs - World Health Organization
... • 33% of men on ARVs continue to shed virus in their semen • Transmission benefits gained from a program covering 50-90% of HIV positive people with effective HAART is reversed with a 10% increase in risky behaviour • Actual coverage with HAART does not usually exceed 30% of HIV positive people in i ...
... • 33% of men on ARVs continue to shed virus in their semen • Transmission benefits gained from a program covering 50-90% of HIV positive people with effective HAART is reversed with a 10% increase in risky behaviour • Actual coverage with HAART does not usually exceed 30% of HIV positive people in i ...
Basics of HIV Resistance and Testing
... No significant short-term virologic response to RAL in 2 patients switched from ELV/RTV to RAL following failure[3] ...
... No significant short-term virologic response to RAL in 2 patients switched from ELV/RTV to RAL following failure[3] ...
Clinical Implications of Chirality and Stereochemistry in
... sickness during pregnancy. It was subsequently withdrawn when found to be associated with significant birth defects but was later reintroduced for treating other medical conditions. Thalidomide exists as a racemic mixture of Rand S- enantiomers. Studies have shown that the S-thalidomide ...
... sickness during pregnancy. It was subsequently withdrawn when found to be associated with significant birth defects but was later reintroduced for treating other medical conditions. Thalidomide exists as a racemic mixture of Rand S- enantiomers. Studies have shown that the S-thalidomide ...
Antifungal Agents
... • Like ketoconazole it is extensively metabolised by CYP3A4. • Its oral bioavailability is greatly reduce by co administration of CYP3A4 inducer Phenytoin, carbamazepin, rifampin • This has significance because risk of development of rhabdomylosis followed by co administration of lovastatin and simv ...
... • Like ketoconazole it is extensively metabolised by CYP3A4. • Its oral bioavailability is greatly reduce by co administration of CYP3A4 inducer Phenytoin, carbamazepin, rifampin • This has significance because risk of development of rhabdomylosis followed by co administration of lovastatin and simv ...
Chapter_1:introduction to medicinal chemistry
... 1. Genius of predictive logic, who have opened a new field by interpreting correctly a few well-placed experiments, whether they pertained to the design or the mechanism of action of drugs. 2. Those who have varied patiently the chemical structures of physiologically active compounds until a useful ...
... 1. Genius of predictive logic, who have opened a new field by interpreting correctly a few well-placed experiments, whether they pertained to the design or the mechanism of action of drugs. 2. Those who have varied patiently the chemical structures of physiologically active compounds until a useful ...
Antimycobacterium
... eyes and skin (extrapulmonary tuberculosis) especially in HIV-infected patients. ...
... eyes and skin (extrapulmonary tuberculosis) especially in HIV-infected patients. ...
03-232 S2016 Exam II Name:_______________________
... Step 3 shows no change in specific activity, so it should be altered in some way. 11. (5 pts) You are purifying a glucose binding protein from an E. coli lysate. The target protein has six histidine residues at its amino-terminus. Describe a purification scheme that will separate the target protein ...
... Step 3 shows no change in specific activity, so it should be altered in some way. 11. (5 pts) You are purifying a glucose binding protein from an E. coli lysate. The target protein has six histidine residues at its amino-terminus. Describe a purification scheme that will separate the target protein ...
An Innovative Approach to New Antimicrobial Drugs SUMMARY
... 1. Measurement of various kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for the reactions catalysed by human and E. coli DHFRs. This will require the production of DHFR substrates (NADPH and dihydrofolate ...
... 1. Measurement of various kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for the reactions catalysed by human and E. coli DHFRs. This will require the production of DHFR substrates (NADPH and dihydrofolate ...
Antibiotic Selection
... Resistance provides a selective advantage. Resistance can result from single or multiple steps Cross resistance vs multiple resistance – Cross resistance -- Single mechanism-- closely related antibiotics are rendered ineffective – Multiple resistance -- Multiple mechanisms -- unrelated antibiotics. ...
... Resistance provides a selective advantage. Resistance can result from single or multiple steps Cross resistance vs multiple resistance – Cross resistance -- Single mechanism-- closely related antibiotics are rendered ineffective – Multiple resistance -- Multiple mechanisms -- unrelated antibiotics. ...
SULFONAMIDES and TRIMETHOPRIM
... • When the 2 drugs are used in combination, antimicrobial synergy results from the sequential blockade of folate synthesis. • The drug combination is bactericidal against ...
... • When the 2 drugs are used in combination, antimicrobial synergy results from the sequential blockade of folate synthesis. • The drug combination is bactericidal against ...
The use of beta-lactamase inhibitors to reconquer resistance
... Beta-lactamases have been present since the early days of antimicrobial therapy and even before. Soon after the introduction of penicillin, Staphylococcus aureus strains that contained a beta-lactamase rapidly emerged and at present around 90% of strains are beta-lactamase positive and resistant to ...
... Beta-lactamases have been present since the early days of antimicrobial therapy and even before. Soon after the introduction of penicillin, Staphylococcus aureus strains that contained a beta-lactamase rapidly emerged and at present around 90% of strains are beta-lactamase positive and resistant to ...
Modern Methods in Drug Discovery
... The search for pharmaceutical drugs used to be rather straight forward until recent times: A wealth of information about the disease, its causes, and the clinical symptoms were readily available. Thus the starting point for the pharmacological therapy was known. Example: inhibition of an enzyme Thus ...
... The search for pharmaceutical drugs used to be rather straight forward until recent times: A wealth of information about the disease, its causes, and the clinical symptoms were readily available. Thus the starting point for the pharmacological therapy was known. Example: inhibition of an enzyme Thus ...
Therapeutic Categories
... The search for pharmaceutical drugs used to be rather straight forward until recent times: A wealth of information about the disease, its causes, and the clinical symptoms were readily available. Thus the starting point for the pharmacological therapy was known. Example: inhibition of an enzyme Thus ...
... The search for pharmaceutical drugs used to be rather straight forward until recent times: A wealth of information about the disease, its causes, and the clinical symptoms were readily available. Thus the starting point for the pharmacological therapy was known. Example: inhibition of an enzyme Thus ...
GREEN METHODS TO DELIVER AMINOGLYCOSIDE DRUGS
... Figure 1. Common structures of aminoglycoside families Green chemistry in pharmaceutical development often concern the synthesis of the active ingredient, but green-chemistry techniques also can be applied to drug-product manufacturing, formulation development, and drug delivery.5 Drugs with the abi ...
... Figure 1. Common structures of aminoglycoside families Green chemistry in pharmaceutical development often concern the synthesis of the active ingredient, but green-chemistry techniques also can be applied to drug-product manufacturing, formulation development, and drug delivery.5 Drugs with the abi ...
Inorganic compounds can be molecular or ionic.
... • Atoms of elements have a tendency to achieve complete valence shells similar to their nearest noble gas. This is the octet rule. ...
... • Atoms of elements have a tendency to achieve complete valence shells similar to their nearest noble gas. This is the octet rule. ...
Factors affecting drug metabolism
... Examples: fluoroquinolones, cimetidine, azoles antifungal ...
... Examples: fluoroquinolones, cimetidine, azoles antifungal ...
Antitubercular Drugs
... Anti-TB drugs (2nd line) with low efficiency. Bacteriostatic action. Average toxicity. Poorly tolerated due to frequent ADR – GIT Does not add the efficacy for more active drugs Only delays development of resistance ...
... Anti-TB drugs (2nd line) with low efficiency. Bacteriostatic action. Average toxicity. Poorly tolerated due to frequent ADR – GIT Does not add the efficacy for more active drugs Only delays development of resistance ...
Metabolism Phase-I
... 2. Do all drugs need to pass through phase-I metabolism? Which drugs can directly pass to phase-II? 3. Some drugs can be partially eliminated from the body without any metabolism. Why? 4. Drug interacts with metabolizing enzyme in a manner similar to drug-target interaction. However, the later inter ...
... 2. Do all drugs need to pass through phase-I metabolism? Which drugs can directly pass to phase-II? 3. Some drugs can be partially eliminated from the body without any metabolism. Why? 4. Drug interacts with metabolizing enzyme in a manner similar to drug-target interaction. However, the later inter ...
Is Hepatitis Virus Resistance to Antiviral Drugs a Threat?
... market a large number of antiretroviral drugs with different targets and mechanisms of action. However, it soon became apparent that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resistance to these drugs would be a problem in long-term antiretroviral therapy.1 A combination of drugs with different viral targe ...
... market a large number of antiretroviral drugs with different targets and mechanisms of action. However, it soon became apparent that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resistance to these drugs would be a problem in long-term antiretroviral therapy.1 A combination of drugs with different viral targe ...
Plasma Protein Binding
... intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal, transfer drug ...
... intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal, transfer drug ...
HIV Negative
... Australian, and Dutch studies, patients on AZT developed severe anemia, requiring multiple blood transfusions just to stay alive. In the Dutch study, three-quarters of the patients on AZT died. Well, AZT wasn’t the only drug being used at ICC. The other was Nevirapine, which is marketed under the br ...
... Australian, and Dutch studies, patients on AZT developed severe anemia, requiring multiple blood transfusions just to stay alive. In the Dutch study, three-quarters of the patients on AZT died. Well, AZT wasn’t the only drug being used at ICC. The other was Nevirapine, which is marketed under the br ...
15-2-7to10抗真菌病毒抗结核2
... Interfere with release of progeny influenza virus from infected to new host cells, thus halting the spread of infection within the respiratory tract. Destroy the receptors recognized by viral hemagglutinin on cells, newly released virions, and respiratory tract mucins. ...
... Interfere with release of progeny influenza virus from infected to new host cells, thus halting the spread of infection within the respiratory tract. Destroy the receptors recognized by viral hemagglutinin on cells, newly released virions, and respiratory tract mucins. ...
Chemistry in every day life - Kendriya Vidyalaya, Bailey Road, Patna
... CATALYTIC ACTION OF EN ZYMESEnzymes have active sites which hold the substrate molecule .it can be attracted by reacting molecules. (b) Substrate is bonded to active sites through hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, Vander Waal or dipole – dipole interactions. (ii) DRUG- ENZYME INTERACTIONS(a)Drug compete ...
... CATALYTIC ACTION OF EN ZYMESEnzymes have active sites which hold the substrate molecule .it can be attracted by reacting molecules. (b) Substrate is bonded to active sites through hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, Vander Waal or dipole – dipole interactions. (ii) DRUG- ENZYME INTERACTIONS(a)Drug compete ...
Antimicrobial drugs in Respiratory Infection
... adamantane resistance is variable in avian H5N1 viruses, and many isolates have been susceptible. a dual regimen of an adamantane and neuraminidase inhibitor would be a reasonable initial treatment regimen for serious influenza when the infecting strain is probably susceptible to both drug class ...
... adamantane resistance is variable in avian H5N1 viruses, and many isolates have been susceptible. a dual regimen of an adamantane and neuraminidase inhibitor would be a reasonable initial treatment regimen for serious influenza when the infecting strain is probably susceptible to both drug class ...
Discovery and development of non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are antiretroviral drugs used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). NNRTIs inhibit reverse transcriptase (RT), an enzyme that controls the replication of the genetic material of HIV. RT is one of the most popular targets in the field of antiretroviral drug development.Discovery and development of NNRTIs began in the late 1980s and in the end of 2009 four NNRTI had been approved by regulatory authorities and several others were undergoing clinical development. Drug resistance develops quickly if NNRTIs are administered as monotherapy and therefore NNRTIs are always given as part of combination therapy, the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).