Gene conversion and purifying selection shape nucleotide variation
... When a sample from a male showed two nucleotide peaks at one or more sites (“heterozygous” sites) in the L or M opsin gene, the individual should have two or more loci of the gene with different sequences. In this case, we conservatively inferred two loci for this gene. When a female showed heterozy ...
... When a sample from a male showed two nucleotide peaks at one or more sites (“heterozygous” sites) in the L or M opsin gene, the individual should have two or more loci of the gene with different sequences. In this case, we conservatively inferred two loci for this gene. When a female showed heterozy ...
Transgenic Tobacco Plants with Bacillus thuringiensis 8
... which leads to osmotic imbalance and cell lysis (Hofmann et ai., 1988; Slatin et ai., 1990; English et al., 1991; English and Slatin, 1992). Among insecticidal protein genes, lepidopteran specific genes, cryJA class, are mostly well characterized (Adang et al., 1985; Thorne et al., 1986; Schnepf et ...
... which leads to osmotic imbalance and cell lysis (Hofmann et ai., 1988; Slatin et ai., 1990; English et al., 1991; English and Slatin, 1992). Among insecticidal protein genes, lepidopteran specific genes, cryJA class, are mostly well characterized (Adang et al., 1985; Thorne et al., 1986; Schnepf et ...
Mining Gene Expression Data Using PCA Based Clustering
... in multiple tumor types [3]. Data mining methods can be applied to various gene expression data sets including cancer data sets in order to identify distinct genes to classify tumors. Cluster analysis is one of the data mining technique, seeks to partition a given data set into groups based on speci ...
... in multiple tumor types [3]. Data mining methods can be applied to various gene expression data sets including cancer data sets in order to identify distinct genes to classify tumors. Cluster analysis is one of the data mining technique, seeks to partition a given data set into groups based on speci ...
Section 3
... Non-random association of alleles among loci is referred to as “Linkage Disequilibrium”. Chance events in small populations, population bottlenecks, recent mixing of different populations, and selection all may cause non-random associations among loci. ...
... Non-random association of alleles among loci is referred to as “Linkage Disequilibrium”. Chance events in small populations, population bottlenecks, recent mixing of different populations, and selection all may cause non-random associations among loci. ...
Comparison of two codon optimization strategies to enhance
... Codon optimization of the calf prochymosin gene was chosen due to the commercial value of improving its expression and to study the impact of codon optimization in an established production process. Even when the wild type sequence has been reported to express well in E. coli[18, 22], the presence o ...
... Codon optimization of the calf prochymosin gene was chosen due to the commercial value of improving its expression and to study the impact of codon optimization in an established production process. Even when the wild type sequence has been reported to express well in E. coli[18, 22], the presence o ...
Hemoglobin research and the origins of molecular
... Roughton, and others in the last century and has been reviewed in detail.10,11 More recently elucidated was how this finely tuned system is regulated via heterotropic interactions with other molecules, such as protons, anions, and bisphosphosphoglyceric acid (2,3 BPG or, in the older convention, 2,3 ...
... Roughton, and others in the last century and has been reviewed in detail.10,11 More recently elucidated was how this finely tuned system is regulated via heterotropic interactions with other molecules, such as protons, anions, and bisphosphosphoglyceric acid (2,3 BPG or, in the older convention, 2,3 ...
PDF + SI - Biology Open - The Company of Biologists
... two adjacent markers in the same region was 1.00:0.23:1.00:0.23:1.07. The heterogeneity of genetic and physical distances of these markers revealed that there may be some large chromosome variations between parent materials used in this study and ‘Chiifu-401’ in this 0.46 cM region (Table 2). 4. Dis ...
... two adjacent markers in the same region was 1.00:0.23:1.00:0.23:1.07. The heterogeneity of genetic and physical distances of these markers revealed that there may be some large chromosome variations between parent materials used in this study and ‘Chiifu-401’ in this 0.46 cM region (Table 2). 4. Dis ...
Chapter 8: Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number
... 8.8 Mechanisms that Produce Variation in Chromosome Number Overview The last section of this chapter examines the mechanisms by which variations in chromosome number may occur. These mechanisms can be divided into two general classes: those that naturally occur as a result of cell division, and thos ...
... 8.8 Mechanisms that Produce Variation in Chromosome Number Overview The last section of this chapter examines the mechanisms by which variations in chromosome number may occur. These mechanisms can be divided into two general classes: those that naturally occur as a result of cell division, and thos ...
Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomuris subsp. ratti
... also aligned using CLUSTAL W (Thompson et al., 1994). Although the dnaK nucleotide sequences showed 84 % similarity between the subgroups (data not shown), the amino acid sequences showed 96 % similarity (Fig. S2). Thus, dnaK analysis, including both nucleotide and amino acid sequences, supported se ...
... also aligned using CLUSTAL W (Thompson et al., 1994). Although the dnaK nucleotide sequences showed 84 % similarity between the subgroups (data not shown), the amino acid sequences showed 96 % similarity (Fig. S2). Thus, dnaK analysis, including both nucleotide and amino acid sequences, supported se ...
Making evolutionary predictions about the structure of development
... Many research papers in evo-devo consist of standard research in developmental genetics with some comparative discussions at the end. By comparing developmental genetics between different species, essential data about variation in development are acquired. These studies identify differences in the p ...
... Many research papers in evo-devo consist of standard research in developmental genetics with some comparative discussions at the end. By comparing developmental genetics between different species, essential data about variation in development are acquired. These studies identify differences in the p ...
Chapter 10 and 13
... micropenis; B3, slight micropenis; and uncle, micropenis and penoscrotal hypospadias. All had been assigned a male gender. We detected the same L712F mutation of the androgen receptor (AR) gene in each subject. Methyltrienolone binding on cultured genital skin fibroblasts of B2 suggested moderate im ...
... micropenis; B3, slight micropenis; and uncle, micropenis and penoscrotal hypospadias. All had been assigned a male gender. We detected the same L712F mutation of the androgen receptor (AR) gene in each subject. Methyltrienolone binding on cultured genital skin fibroblasts of B2 suggested moderate im ...
Full-Text PDF
... 22, 25, 28, 30, 35, 37, 40 and 45 °C and pH 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 6.8, 7.2, 7.5 and 8.0. Nitrogen sources were tested by using liquid LMM medium in which KNO3 (0.1 g·L−1) was replaced by 0.1 g·L−1 of NH4Cl, methylamine or glycine. The growth of strains was also tested in triplicate with nitrogen-fr ...
... 22, 25, 28, 30, 35, 37, 40 and 45 °C and pH 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 6.8, 7.2, 7.5 and 8.0. Nitrogen sources were tested by using liquid LMM medium in which KNO3 (0.1 g·L−1) was replaced by 0.1 g·L−1 of NH4Cl, methylamine or glycine. The growth of strains was also tested in triplicate with nitrogen-fr ...
François Jacob
... of DNA, it became clear that all proteins were being produced in some way from its genetic code, and that this step might form a key control point. Jacob and Monod made key experimental and theoretical discoveries that demonstrated that in the case of the lactose system outlined above (in the bacter ...
... of DNA, it became clear that all proteins were being produced in some way from its genetic code, and that this step might form a key control point. Jacob and Monod made key experimental and theoretical discoveries that demonstrated that in the case of the lactose system outlined above (in the bacter ...
On epistasis: why it is unimportant in polygenic directional selection References
... large number of loci involved. The three studies identified a total of 54 loci (Visscher 2008). Since there was almost no overlap in the three studies, the great majority of loci must have not yet been identified. These 54 loci accounted for about 9 per cent of the genetic variance; hence the total ...
... large number of loci involved. The three studies identified a total of 54 loci (Visscher 2008). Since there was almost no overlap in the three studies, the great majority of loci must have not yet been identified. These 54 loci accounted for about 9 per cent of the genetic variance; hence the total ...
Applications of Molecular genetics in - e
... where no blood is available, DNA can also be prepared from non-tumour area in the resected tumour specimen. Evaluating LOH demands extensive knowledge and experience. As mentioned above, patterns of amplified microsatellite on an eletrogram is complex and patterns of LOH of a tumour with considerabl ...
... where no blood is available, DNA can also be prepared from non-tumour area in the resected tumour specimen. Evaluating LOH demands extensive knowledge and experience. As mentioned above, patterns of amplified microsatellite on an eletrogram is complex and patterns of LOH of a tumour with considerabl ...
A molecular method for assessing meiofauna diversity in marine
... Sediment samples were collected from East Beach at Fort DeSoto Park, St. Petersburg, FL, in 1.5mL microcentrifuge tubes and stored at -80°C. DNA was extracted from the sediment using an SDS-based extraction buffer and series of phenol, phenolchloroform, and chloroform extractions, and ethanol-precip ...
... Sediment samples were collected from East Beach at Fort DeSoto Park, St. Petersburg, FL, in 1.5mL microcentrifuge tubes and stored at -80°C. DNA was extracted from the sediment using an SDS-based extraction buffer and series of phenol, phenolchloroform, and chloroform extractions, and ethanol-precip ...
Spinal Muscular Atrophy May 2014
... neurons that control muscle movement is thought to contribute to the muscle weakness experienced by people with SMA-LED. It is unclear why this condition affects only the lower extremities. The adult-onset form of spinal muscular atrophy is caused by a mutation in the VAPB gene. The VAPB gene provid ...
... neurons that control muscle movement is thought to contribute to the muscle weakness experienced by people with SMA-LED. It is unclear why this condition affects only the lower extremities. The adult-onset form of spinal muscular atrophy is caused by a mutation in the VAPB gene. The VAPB gene provid ...
Information Encoding in Biological Molecules: DNA and protein
... • A reliable and precise classification of tumours is essential for successful diagnosis and treatment of cancer. • Current methods for classifying human malignancies rely on a variety of morphological, clinical, and molecular variables. • In spite of recent progress, there are still uncertainties i ...
... • A reliable and precise classification of tumours is essential for successful diagnosis and treatment of cancer. • Current methods for classifying human malignancies rely on a variety of morphological, clinical, and molecular variables. • In spite of recent progress, there are still uncertainties i ...
- Stem-cell and Brain Research Institute
... embryoid bodies (EB) and in vivo with teratoma formation, these EpiSCs are unable to form chimeras either through direct injection into blastocysts or using the morula aggregation protocol. Moreover, these cells are expressing genes such as Dax1, Stella, PiwiL2, Stra8 and Dazl, which are also expres ...
... embryoid bodies (EB) and in vivo with teratoma formation, these EpiSCs are unable to form chimeras either through direct injection into blastocysts or using the morula aggregation protocol. Moreover, these cells are expressing genes such as Dax1, Stella, PiwiL2, Stra8 and Dazl, which are also expres ...
Polymorphism due to selection of varying direction
... Finally a polymorplg,~m m a y be transient A genotype which was ibrmerly common m a y be dhappearing as the result of changed conditions. These are not, howeve:r, the only conditions which m a y lead to long-lasting genetic polymorphism, nor is the account of the five situations described above very ...
... Finally a polymorplg,~m m a y be transient A genotype which was ibrmerly common m a y be dhappearing as the result of changed conditions. These are not, howeve:r, the only conditions which m a y lead to long-lasting genetic polymorphism, nor is the account of the five situations described above very ...
Vertebrate genomics : More fishy tales about Hox genes
... first called the D cluster in Fugu is actually the Aα cluster (A. Amores, personal communication). If that were so, it would be likely that an orthologous D cluster will still be found in Fugu (Figure 1). The high degree of variability among the Hox clusters even of such relatively closely related s ...
... first called the D cluster in Fugu is actually the Aα cluster (A. Amores, personal communication). If that were so, it would be likely that an orthologous D cluster will still be found in Fugu (Figure 1). The high degree of variability among the Hox clusters even of such relatively closely related s ...
Site-specific recombinase technology
Nearly every human gene has a counterpart in the mouse (regardless of the fact that a minor set of orthologues had to follow species specific selection routes). This made the mouse the major model for elucidating the ways in which our genetic material encodes information. In the late 1980s gene targeting in murine embryonic stem (ES-)cells enabled the transmission of mutations into the mouse germ line and emerged as a novel option to study the genetic basis of regulatory networks as they exist in the genome. Still, classical gene targeting proved to be limited in several ways as gene functions became irreversibly destroyed by the marker gene that had to be introduced for selecting recombinant ES cells. These early steps led to animals in which the mutation was present in all cells of the body from the beginning leading to complex phenotypes and/or early lethality. There was a clear need for methods to restrict these mutations to specific points in development and specific cell types. This dream became reality when groups in the USA were able to introduce bacteriophage and yeast-derived site-specific recombination (SSR-) systems into mammalian cells as well as into the mouse