167KB - NZQA
... to reproduce, if conditions are stable could introduce variation, which may be counterproductive. • Gametes are sex cells (sperm and egg) which are formed in the testes and ovaries. During gamete formation (meiosis), the homologous chromosomes are halved and the gamete will inherit one of each pair ...
... to reproduce, if conditions are stable could introduce variation, which may be counterproductive. • Gametes are sex cells (sperm and egg) which are formed in the testes and ovaries. During gamete formation (meiosis), the homologous chromosomes are halved and the gamete will inherit one of each pair ...
NCEA Level 1 Science (90948) 2013
... to reproduce, if conditions are stable could introduce variation, which may be counterproductive. • Gametes are sex cells (sperm and egg) which are formed in the testes and ovaries. During gamete formation (meiosis), the homologous chromosomes are halved and the gamete will inherit one of each pair ...
... to reproduce, if conditions are stable could introduce variation, which may be counterproductive. • Gametes are sex cells (sperm and egg) which are formed in the testes and ovaries. During gamete formation (meiosis), the homologous chromosomes are halved and the gamete will inherit one of each pair ...
The Two Faces of Higher Eukaryotic DNA Replication Origins
... As a note of caution, this model is by no means the only possible way of reconciling the current data. As shown in Figure 2, we propose that a mammalian replication origin contains an origin of bidirectional replication, as suggested by Burhans et al. (1990). We also propose, however, that replicati ...
... As a note of caution, this model is by no means the only possible way of reconciling the current data. As shown in Figure 2, we propose that a mammalian replication origin contains an origin of bidirectional replication, as suggested by Burhans et al. (1990). We also propose, however, that replicati ...
Supplemental Table 1 and Figure Legends
... obtained from samples containing 100 ng of RNA extracted from MDA-MB-468 cells considered as benchmarks and correlated with intensities obtained in profiles using decreasing RNA inputs, respectively 10 ng, 1 ng and 0.5 ng. Panel B. Eulero-Venn diagrams highlighting the numbers of common and exclusiv ...
... obtained from samples containing 100 ng of RNA extracted from MDA-MB-468 cells considered as benchmarks and correlated with intensities obtained in profiles using decreasing RNA inputs, respectively 10 ng, 1 ng and 0.5 ng. Panel B. Eulero-Venn diagrams highlighting the numbers of common and exclusiv ...
RNA-Seq analysis
... Sequencing adaptors (blue) are subsequently added to each cDNA fragment and a short sequence is obtained from each cDNA using high-throughput sequencing Technology (typical read length: 30-400 bp depending on technology) RNA-Seq analysis ...
... Sequencing adaptors (blue) are subsequently added to each cDNA fragment and a short sequence is obtained from each cDNA using high-throughput sequencing Technology (typical read length: 30-400 bp depending on technology) RNA-Seq analysis ...
A mosaic infertile case of isodicentricY
... Results: In the current thirty-year-old infertile male report, we present a detailed molecular-cytogenetic characterization of an individual with mosaicism involving an isodicentric Y chromosome and some phenotypic features. He was in tall stature, microtestis, delayed speech and increased gonadotro ...
... Results: In the current thirty-year-old infertile male report, we present a detailed molecular-cytogenetic characterization of an individual with mosaicism involving an isodicentric Y chromosome and some phenotypic features. He was in tall stature, microtestis, delayed speech and increased gonadotro ...
Amino Acid Cost and Codon-Usage Biases in 6 Prokaryotic
... pathway, the citric acid cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway (Ogata et al. 1999; Overbeek et al. 2000). Blast searches were also performed on the complete genomes of all the six 6 study organisms to determine if they were capable of synthesizing each of the 20 common amino acids. When the prote ...
... pathway, the citric acid cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway (Ogata et al. 1999; Overbeek et al. 2000). Blast searches were also performed on the complete genomes of all the six 6 study organisms to determine if they were capable of synthesizing each of the 20 common amino acids. When the prote ...
Inferring Process from Pattern In Fungal Population Genetics 3
... Genetic diversity among individuals in populations has been identified using electrophoretically-based markers, such as allozymes, for at least thirty years (Scribner et al. 1994). More recently, markers have been developed by means of random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), restriction or amplif ...
... Genetic diversity among individuals in populations has been identified using electrophoretically-based markers, such as allozymes, for at least thirty years (Scribner et al. 1994). More recently, markers have been developed by means of random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), restriction or amplif ...
The genetic basis of adaptive melanism in
... uniformly light. Of the 29 mice from the Pinacate site, 16 of 18 mice (89%) caught on the dark lava were dark, whereas 10 of 11 mice (91%) caught on the light-colored rocks were light (Fig. 1B). Similarly, of the 20 mice from Armendaris, 7 of 8 mice (88%) caught on the dark lava were dark, whereas a ...
... uniformly light. Of the 29 mice from the Pinacate site, 16 of 18 mice (89%) caught on the dark lava were dark, whereas 10 of 11 mice (91%) caught on the light-colored rocks were light (Fig. 1B). Similarly, of the 20 mice from Armendaris, 7 of 8 mice (88%) caught on the dark lava were dark, whereas a ...
Review Article
... infection; then they will need to obtain nutrients and to multiply while at the same time evading the host defence mechanisms. In some instances, they may need to invade host cells for survival or further dissemination within the host (Finlay & Falkow, 1989). The recognition that bacterial pathogeni ...
... infection; then they will need to obtain nutrients and to multiply while at the same time evading the host defence mechanisms. In some instances, they may need to invade host cells for survival or further dissemination within the host (Finlay & Falkow, 1989). The recognition that bacterial pathogeni ...
Document
... • In anaphase II, the centromeres divide and the chromatids of each chromosome move to opposite poles of the spindle • Once the centromere has split at anaphase II, each chromatid is considered a separate chromosome • Telophase II is a transition to the interphase condition of the chromosomes in the ...
... • In anaphase II, the centromeres divide and the chromatids of each chromosome move to opposite poles of the spindle • Once the centromere has split at anaphase II, each chromatid is considered a separate chromosome • Telophase II is a transition to the interphase condition of the chromosomes in the ...
Association between IGF1R / i16 / TaqI and IGF1 / SnaBI
... encoded by a single gene [Fotsis et al. 1989]. Brief summary of the current state of knowledge about insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) was given by Szewczuk et al. [2009]. In cattle the IGF1 gene was mapped to chromosome 5 [Bishop et al. 1991]. However, transcripts derived from exons 1 and 2 are al ...
... encoded by a single gene [Fotsis et al. 1989]. Brief summary of the current state of knowledge about insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) was given by Szewczuk et al. [2009]. In cattle the IGF1 gene was mapped to chromosome 5 [Bishop et al. 1991]. However, transcripts derived from exons 1 and 2 are al ...
FEMS Microbiology Ecology
... partners in a mycelial shelter. The light-exposed joint organisms can be extremely robust to changing conditions in harsh natural environments. In these habitats, however, infections with specialized fungal parasites commonly occur. These lichen-inhabiting fungi have been recognized even before the ...
... partners in a mycelial shelter. The light-exposed joint organisms can be extremely robust to changing conditions in harsh natural environments. In these habitats, however, infections with specialized fungal parasites commonly occur. These lichen-inhabiting fungi have been recognized even before the ...
Microsatellite Polymorphism in the Heme Oxygenase
... The pathogenesis of CM is complex and multifactorial. Previous studies indicate that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α promoter polymorphism is one of the most frequently reported candidate host factors associated with CM in Africa as well as in Asia (12-14). In addition to TNF-α, many other genes have b ...
... The pathogenesis of CM is complex and multifactorial. Previous studies indicate that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α promoter polymorphism is one of the most frequently reported candidate host factors associated with CM in Africa as well as in Asia (12-14). In addition to TNF-α, many other genes have b ...
The WD40-Repeat Proteins NFC101 and NFC102
... (ZCN8), key activators of the floral transition. In addition, the abolition of NFC101/NFC102 association with repetitive sequences of different transposable elements (TEs) resulted in tissue-specific upregulation of nonpolyadenylated RNAs produced by these regions. All direct nfc101/nfc102 targets sho ...
... (ZCN8), key activators of the floral transition. In addition, the abolition of NFC101/NFC102 association with repetitive sequences of different transposable elements (TEs) resulted in tissue-specific upregulation of nonpolyadenylated RNAs produced by these regions. All direct nfc101/nfc102 targets sho ...
What makes resistance to methicillin heterogeneous?
... creation of highly resistant subclones would be the transposition of mobile genetic elements such as transposons or insertion sequences, leading to the alteration of transcriptional activity in the target regions of the chromosome. Several variants of a hybrid promoter formed by transposition of IS2 ...
... creation of highly resistant subclones would be the transposition of mobile genetic elements such as transposons or insertion sequences, leading to the alteration of transcriptional activity in the target regions of the chromosome. Several variants of a hybrid promoter formed by transposition of IS2 ...
Computational Biology
... Multiple Genome Rearrangement Problem Find a phylogenetic tree describing the most „plausible“ rearrangement scenario for multiple species. The genomic distance in the case of genome rearrangement is defined in terms of (1) reversals, (2) translocations, (3) fusions, and (4) fissions which are the ...
... Multiple Genome Rearrangement Problem Find a phylogenetic tree describing the most „plausible“ rearrangement scenario for multiple species. The genomic distance in the case of genome rearrangement is defined in terms of (1) reversals, (2) translocations, (3) fusions, and (4) fissions which are the ...
slides
... When nondisjunc0on happens in meiosis II rather than in meiosis I, the outcome is: a. The same as when it happens in meiosis I b. In meiosis II, all gametes are abnormal, while in meiosis I o ...
... When nondisjunc0on happens in meiosis II rather than in meiosis I, the outcome is: a. The same as when it happens in meiosis I b. In meiosis II, all gametes are abnormal, while in meiosis I o ...
Mapping the histone code at hMLH1. - JScholarship
... al., 2001; Noma et al., 2001; Peters et al., 2002). The existence of these histone modifications has been known for many years, but for some of these modifications, their functional significance is just being discovered. The idea that combinations of modifications on the histone tails can determine ...
... al., 2001; Noma et al., 2001; Peters et al., 2002). The existence of these histone modifications has been known for many years, but for some of these modifications, their functional significance is just being discovered. The idea that combinations of modifications on the histone tails can determine ...
DNA extraction from frozen fieldcollected and dehydrated herbarium
... of many Basidiomycetes species are coriaceous or even woody hard, which poses additional difficulties in DNA extraction. In the studied species, all these problems occur: Hymenochaetaceae are characterized by the extensive production of styrylpyrones and complex phenolic compounds in their basidioma ...
... of many Basidiomycetes species are coriaceous or even woody hard, which poses additional difficulties in DNA extraction. In the studied species, all these problems occur: Hymenochaetaceae are characterized by the extensive production of styrylpyrones and complex phenolic compounds in their basidioma ...
order code
... Rett syndrome (RTT; MIM 312750) is an X-linked progressive disorder that almost exclusively affects females with an incidence of 1 in 8,500–10,000. It is characterized by deceleration of head growth, loss of acquired skills, and mental retardation. Diagnostic criteria and disease stages for RTT were ...
... Rett syndrome (RTT; MIM 312750) is an X-linked progressive disorder that almost exclusively affects females with an incidence of 1 in 8,500–10,000. It is characterized by deceleration of head growth, loss of acquired skills, and mental retardation. Diagnostic criteria and disease stages for RTT were ...
Multiple Avirulence Loci and Allele-Specific Effector
... 2005). In comparison, the Mla alleles share 84.6% sequence identity and show a similar divergence as the Arabidopsis RPP13 and the flax L alleles (Rose et al., 2004; Seeholzer et al., 2010; Ravensdale et al., 2012). Interestingly, some Pm3 alleles confer overlapping but distinct resistance specificiti ...
... 2005). In comparison, the Mla alleles share 84.6% sequence identity and show a similar divergence as the Arabidopsis RPP13 and the flax L alleles (Rose et al., 2004; Seeholzer et al., 2010; Ravensdale et al., 2012). Interestingly, some Pm3 alleles confer overlapping but distinct resistance specificiti ...
The nuclear envelope in genome organization, expression and
... Perinuclear proteins in silencing. DNA-tagging methods have been used to assess the extent of perinuclear DNA positioning on a genome-wide scale. One such method is DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID), which can detect loci located near the nuclear periphery by identifying DNA that ...
... Perinuclear proteins in silencing. DNA-tagging methods have been used to assess the extent of perinuclear DNA positioning on a genome-wide scale. One such method is DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID), which can detect loci located near the nuclear periphery by identifying DNA that ...
Gene
A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as the gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term ""having a gene"" (e.g., ""good genes,"" ""hair colour gene"") typically refers to having a different allele of the gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles.The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding RNAs. Therefore, a broad, modern working definition of a gene is any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product or by regulation of gene expression.