Comprehenexam- - HCC Learning Web
... 62) During which phases of cell cycle are chromosomes composed of two chromatids? _______ 63) The somatic cells of our body are derived from a single-celled zygote by which process? A) meiosis B) mitosis C) replication D) cytokinesis alone E) binary fission 64) Cells that are in a nondividing state ...
... 62) During which phases of cell cycle are chromosomes composed of two chromatids? _______ 63) The somatic cells of our body are derived from a single-celled zygote by which process? A) meiosis B) mitosis C) replication D) cytokinesis alone E) binary fission 64) Cells that are in a nondividing state ...
VCE BIOLOGY 2013–2016 Introduction
... produce proteins and other chemicals such as contraceptives, growth hormones, a blood clotting agent, blood clotting inhibitors, industrial enzymes, and vaccines that the organisms concerned do not naturally produce. Plants are useful for producing GM products. They are low-cost systems that can be ...
... produce proteins and other chemicals such as contraceptives, growth hormones, a blood clotting agent, blood clotting inhibitors, industrial enzymes, and vaccines that the organisms concerned do not naturally produce. Plants are useful for producing GM products. They are low-cost systems that can be ...
Cracking the Genetic Code
... You learned about the genetic code in Biology. It’s the mapping from nucleotide triplets in DNA sequences (via messenger RNA) to individual amino acids in the protein encoded by a given gene. You may recall that there are 64 “codons” (distinct triplets of G, A, C, and T) but only 20 amino acids, and ...
... You learned about the genetic code in Biology. It’s the mapping from nucleotide triplets in DNA sequences (via messenger RNA) to individual amino acids in the protein encoded by a given gene. You may recall that there are 64 “codons” (distinct triplets of G, A, C, and T) but only 20 amino acids, and ...
Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells
... Transcription of a gene required presence of regulatory sequences and involves protein‐DNA as well as protein‐protein interaction − In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase, and therefore the initiation of transcription, requires the presence of a core promoter sequence in the DNA − Promoters are ...
... Transcription of a gene required presence of regulatory sequences and involves protein‐DNA as well as protein‐protein interaction − In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase, and therefore the initiation of transcription, requires the presence of a core promoter sequence in the DNA − Promoters are ...
Genes for Speed or Endurance?
... Fast twitch fibres fire more rapidly with more force than slow twitch fibres. Slow twitch fibres are more efficient in using oxygen to generate energy, while fast twitch fibres are less efficient in energy generation. Genetics The DNA molecule is the carrier of genetic information. Genes consist of ...
... Fast twitch fibres fire more rapidly with more force than slow twitch fibres. Slow twitch fibres are more efficient in using oxygen to generate energy, while fast twitch fibres are less efficient in energy generation. Genetics The DNA molecule is the carrier of genetic information. Genes consist of ...
Chapter 10 Genetics: Mendel and Beyond
... A heritable character trait is one that is passed from parent to offspring Before Mendel, blending was model of choice…and it was logical to a point ...
... A heritable character trait is one that is passed from parent to offspring Before Mendel, blending was model of choice…and it was logical to a point ...
Genetic Engineering pp 2014
... 1. Cut human insulin gene with restriction enzymes. 2. Cut the bacterial plasmid (chromosome) with the same restriction enzymes. 3. Combine the human insulin gene, bacterial plasmid, and ligase (an enzyme that helps form the hydrogen bonds) 4. Insert the recombinant plasmid into a bacteria cell. 5. ...
... 1. Cut human insulin gene with restriction enzymes. 2. Cut the bacterial plasmid (chromosome) with the same restriction enzymes. 3. Combine the human insulin gene, bacterial plasmid, and ligase (an enzyme that helps form the hydrogen bonds) 4. Insert the recombinant plasmid into a bacteria cell. 5. ...
Cloning and Gene Therapy
... Cloning • Scientists thought it would be impossible to clone a mammal • In 1997 a sheep was successfully cloned • Since then cows, pigs, mice and other mammals have been cloned • Cloned animals may suffer from genetic defects and health problems ...
... Cloning • Scientists thought it would be impossible to clone a mammal • In 1997 a sheep was successfully cloned • Since then cows, pigs, mice and other mammals have been cloned • Cloned animals may suffer from genetic defects and health problems ...
Assessment Schedule – 2007 Biology: Describe the role of DNA in
... • Transcription is where DNA is used to make mRNA. Translation is where the mRNA is used to make amino acid sequence / polypeptide chain / protein. Transcription is necessary as there is only one copy of DNA in the cell and it needs to be kept protected in the nucleus. Translation is necessary to ac ...
... • Transcription is where DNA is used to make mRNA. Translation is where the mRNA is used to make amino acid sequence / polypeptide chain / protein. Transcription is necessary as there is only one copy of DNA in the cell and it needs to be kept protected in the nucleus. Translation is necessary to ac ...
advances in genetics
... • Is that a fact!? As a result of selective breeding, the smallest horse if the Falabella, which is only about 76cm tall. The largest is the Shire, originally bred in England. The Shire can grow to mare than 1.73m high at the shoulder and weigh ...
... • Is that a fact!? As a result of selective breeding, the smallest horse if the Falabella, which is only about 76cm tall. The largest is the Shire, originally bred in England. The Shire can grow to mare than 1.73m high at the shoulder and weigh ...
sex-linked genes
... The X chromosome carries genes for many traits, while the Y chromosome does not carry these genes. Therefore the phenotype of the females will be determined by the combination of two alleles, while the phenotype of the males will be determined by the allele present on their one X chromosome. ...
... The X chromosome carries genes for many traits, while the Y chromosome does not carry these genes. Therefore the phenotype of the females will be determined by the combination of two alleles, while the phenotype of the males will be determined by the allele present on their one X chromosome. ...
Networks, not building blocks – the idea of the
... All higher organisms can expand the spectrum of proteins far beyond the instructions coded in the cell nucleus. Although genome projects have shown that man, fly, mouse and Arabidopsis differ only a little in the number of genes, the differences at the level of proteins are enormous. How does this c ...
... All higher organisms can expand the spectrum of proteins far beyond the instructions coded in the cell nucleus. Although genome projects have shown that man, fly, mouse and Arabidopsis differ only a little in the number of genes, the differences at the level of proteins are enormous. How does this c ...
Gene therapy- Methods, Status and Limitations
... gene transfer. • Viruses attack their hosts and introduce their genetic material containing genetic material into the host cell as part of their replication cycle. ...
... gene transfer. • Viruses attack their hosts and introduce their genetic material containing genetic material into the host cell as part of their replication cycle. ...
Lecture 19 Basics: Beyond simple dominance
... C. A haploid number of 8 chromosomes D. Up to 16 different traits E. At most, 2 alleles for that gene If two parents have children of all four blood types, what must the parental phenotypes be? A. One is A; one is B B. Both are AB C. One parent can be O D. Neither parent can be AB The incompletely d ...
... C. A haploid number of 8 chromosomes D. Up to 16 different traits E. At most, 2 alleles for that gene If two parents have children of all four blood types, what must the parental phenotypes be? A. One is A; one is B B. Both are AB C. One parent can be O D. Neither parent can be AB The incompletely d ...
Section 11-3 Powerpoint
... determined by genes that are passed down from parents to their offspring • 13. Two or more forms of a trait may exist (ex: Dominant and Recessive) • The copies of genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed • The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently from one a ...
... determined by genes that are passed down from parents to their offspring • 13. Two or more forms of a trait may exist (ex: Dominant and Recessive) • The copies of genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed • The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently from one a ...
Protein Synthesis Activity
... DNA and RNA, the two types of nucleic acids found in cells, determine which protein molecules a cell makes, or synthesizes. Protein molecules, formed by sequencing twenty different amino acids in various combinations, are important to living things because they control biological pathways, direct th ...
... DNA and RNA, the two types of nucleic acids found in cells, determine which protein molecules a cell makes, or synthesizes. Protein molecules, formed by sequencing twenty different amino acids in various combinations, are important to living things because they control biological pathways, direct th ...
Chapter 16
... A free F factor is a replicon that is maintained at the level of one plasmid per bacterial chromosome. An F factor can integrate into the bacterial chromosome, in which case its own replication system is suppressed. The F factor codes for specific pili that form on the surface of the bacterium. An F ...
... A free F factor is a replicon that is maintained at the level of one plasmid per bacterial chromosome. An F factor can integrate into the bacterial chromosome, in which case its own replication system is suppressed. The F factor codes for specific pili that form on the surface of the bacterium. An F ...
Note 7.5 - Genetic Mutations
... Spontaneous Mutation – is a mutation that is caused by an error in DNA replication. Induced Mutation – is a mutation that is caused by an environmental agent. Mutagen – is an environmental agent that directly alters the DNA within a cell. Mutations are group into two categories; spontaneous or induc ...
... Spontaneous Mutation – is a mutation that is caused by an error in DNA replication. Induced Mutation – is a mutation that is caused by an environmental agent. Mutagen – is an environmental agent that directly alters the DNA within a cell. Mutations are group into two categories; spontaneous or induc ...
Microbial Genetics
... DNA transfer between two bacteria that are in contact with one another Contact between donor and recipient cells is initiated by sex pili DNA is transfer through a conjugation bridge or open pore between donor and recipient cell Mediated by a plasmid, called an F-factor (fertility factor) or a conju ...
... DNA transfer between two bacteria that are in contact with one another Contact between donor and recipient cells is initiated by sex pili DNA is transfer through a conjugation bridge or open pore between donor and recipient cell Mediated by a plasmid, called an F-factor (fertility factor) or a conju ...
Document
... is what the genes or their products are concerned with, i.e. their function. Function annotation is difficult: 1) Different people use different words for the same function, 2) may mean different things by the same word. 3) The context in which a gene was found (e.g. “TGF-induced gene”) may not be p ...
... is what the genes or their products are concerned with, i.e. their function. Function annotation is difficult: 1) Different people use different words for the same function, 2) may mean different things by the same word. 3) The context in which a gene was found (e.g. “TGF-induced gene”) may not be p ...
DNA structure and replication Three key features needed for any
... What was known? 1) Hereditary factors were associated with specific traits 2) One-gene-one-protein model - from mapping genes for biosynthetic pathways 3) Genes are on chromosomes 4) Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein ...
... What was known? 1) Hereditary factors were associated with specific traits 2) One-gene-one-protein model - from mapping genes for biosynthetic pathways 3) Genes are on chromosomes 4) Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein ...
Extensions to Mendelism
... • Similarly, IB IB homozygotes and IB iO heterozygotes have type B blood. • Because IA and IB are co-dominant, IA IB heterozygotes have AB blood. • Type O blood occurs in people with the iO iO genotype. – Note: O is the most common blood type. Frequency in the population is not related to dominance. ...
... • Similarly, IB IB homozygotes and IB iO heterozygotes have type B blood. • Because IA and IB are co-dominant, IA IB heterozygotes have AB blood. • Type O blood occurs in people with the iO iO genotype. – Note: O is the most common blood type. Frequency in the population is not related to dominance. ...
Post-transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS)
... • PTGS is heritable, although it can be modified in subsequent cell divisions or generations – Ergo, it is an epigenetic phenomenon ...
... • PTGS is heritable, although it can be modified in subsequent cell divisions or generations – Ergo, it is an epigenetic phenomenon ...
Supplementary Table S1 (doc 218K)
... Markowitz VM (2009). IMG ER: A System for Microbial Genome Annotation Expert Review and Curation. Bioinformatics 25(17): 2271-2278. Ruby JG, Bellare P, DeRisi JL. (2013). PRICE: Software for the Targeted Assembly of Components of (Meta) Genomic Sequence Data. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 3(5):865880. ...
... Markowitz VM (2009). IMG ER: A System for Microbial Genome Annotation Expert Review and Curation. Bioinformatics 25(17): 2271-2278. Ruby JG, Bellare P, DeRisi JL. (2013). PRICE: Software for the Targeted Assembly of Components of (Meta) Genomic Sequence Data. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 3(5):865880. ...
Gene
A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as the gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term ""having a gene"" (e.g., ""good genes,"" ""hair colour gene"") typically refers to having a different allele of the gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles.The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding RNAs. Therefore, a broad, modern working definition of a gene is any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product or by regulation of gene expression.