editing method for the bulletin of the transilvania university
... standard under the Bretton Woods system (1946-1971), in which most countries maintained the exchange rate by tying it to the American dollar. The dollar took over the role that gold had played under the gold standard in the international financial system. However, a negative balance of payments in U ...
... standard under the Bretton Woods system (1946-1971), in which most countries maintained the exchange rate by tying it to the American dollar. The dollar took over the role that gold had played under the gold standard in the international financial system. However, a negative balance of payments in U ...
Document
... • Forward exchange rate: the price of currency that will be delivered in the future; allows an exporter or importer to sign a currency contract that guarantees a set price for the foreign currency in either 30, 90, or 180 days into the future • Forward market: market in which the buying and selling ...
... • Forward exchange rate: the price of currency that will be delivered in the future; allows an exporter or importer to sign a currency contract that guarantees a set price for the foreign currency in either 30, 90, or 180 days into the future • Forward market: market in which the buying and selling ...
U.S.-C R : T C
... a more flexible one based on market-determined prices, sound money, and the rule of law. We should help China move in that direction—not by threats, but by example. The U.S. government should begin by reducing its excessive spending, and removing onerous taxes on saving and investment. An orderly ad ...
... a more flexible one based on market-determined prices, sound money, and the rule of law. We should help China move in that direction—not by threats, but by example. The U.S. government should begin by reducing its excessive spending, and removing onerous taxes on saving and investment. An orderly ad ...
Monetary Policy under Alternative Exchange-Rate Regimes" Simulations with a Multi-Country Model
... for domestic spending, exports and imports, as well as the wage rate, capacity utilization and unemployment.3 Each country model has a monetary sector which determines short- and long-term interest rates together with monetary aggregates. The most important instruments of monetary and fiscal policy ...
... for domestic spending, exports and imports, as well as the wage rate, capacity utilization and unemployment.3 Each country model has a monetary sector which determines short- and long-term interest rates together with monetary aggregates. The most important instruments of monetary and fiscal policy ...
LCcarG562_en.pdf
... environment in receiving countries. In recent years, a large number of developing countries, many under the influence of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank, have adjusted their economic policies in such a way so as to attract these flows. This is done on the premise that such capit ...
... environment in receiving countries. In recent years, a large number of developing countries, many under the influence of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank, have adjusted their economic policies in such a way so as to attract these flows. This is done on the premise that such capit ...
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MEXICAN AND TURKISH CURRENCY CRISES
... Turkey suffered a severe financial crisis following several years of relatively strong economic growth, the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate reached nearly 10%, in real terms, in 1993. The Turkish lira depreciated against all major currencies by more than 100% in the course of only three we ...
... Turkey suffered a severe financial crisis following several years of relatively strong economic growth, the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate reached nearly 10%, in real terms, in 1993. The Turkish lira depreciated against all major currencies by more than 100% in the course of only three we ...
4. Monetary Aggregates and Scope of Use
... • It cannot be estimated weekly or monthly, on the bases of which broad money is compiled. Nonetheless, the CBA's survey in 2003 for detecting the level of dollarization made it possible to estimate the volume of foreign currency in circulation. The estimation is approximate, and the foreign currenc ...
... • It cannot be estimated weekly or monthly, on the bases of which broad money is compiled. Nonetheless, the CBA's survey in 2003 for detecting the level of dollarization made it possible to estimate the volume of foreign currency in circulation. The estimation is approximate, and the foreign currenc ...
Will the Dollar remain the reserve currency?
... fluctuates along with the monetary and financial conditions of the United States. During the financial meltdown in 2008, there were chronic shortages of dollar liquidity everywhere. When the U.S. Federal Reserve lowered interest rates to zero and embarked on quantitative easing, a wall of money came ...
... fluctuates along with the monetary and financial conditions of the United States. During the financial meltdown in 2008, there were chronic shortages of dollar liquidity everywhere. When the U.S. Federal Reserve lowered interest rates to zero and embarked on quantitative easing, a wall of money came ...
doc
... although this model suggests that a country as a whole will be able to consume more through trade than in autarky, not all citizens of the country are necessarily better off; those that have the resources to benefit from world trade (those who produced x) will be better off with trade, but those who ...
... although this model suggests that a country as a whole will be able to consume more through trade than in autarky, not all citizens of the country are necessarily better off; those that have the resources to benefit from world trade (those who produced x) will be better off with trade, but those who ...
Dollarization in Ukraine: 1991 to the Present
... Even though Ukraine did not have a Russian-style exchange rate crisis in 1998, it was not able to avoid international payments difficulties of its own. The Ministry of Finance had financed its deficits the preceding two years with short-term government debt (T-bills), and in the fall of 1998, the Mi ...
... Even though Ukraine did not have a Russian-style exchange rate crisis in 1998, it was not able to avoid international payments difficulties of its own. The Ministry of Finance had financed its deficits the preceding two years with short-term government debt (T-bills), and in the fall of 1998, the Mi ...
competition tribunal
... Anglogold’s post-merger market share accretion is very insignificant (0.007%). 15. The parties contended further that this transaction will result in the acquisition of the Driefontein Mineral Rights and will not alter the competitive position of either party to this merger. As a result, the Commiss ...
... Anglogold’s post-merger market share accretion is very insignificant (0.007%). 15. The parties contended further that this transaction will result in the acquisition of the Driefontein Mineral Rights and will not alter the competitive position of either party to this merger. As a result, the Commiss ...
Unit 8 PPT
... • So any change in the U.S. balance of payments on the financial account generates an equal and opposite reaction in the balance of payments on the current account. • Movements in the exchange rate ensure that changes in the financial account and in the current account offset each other! • Dollar ap ...
... • So any change in the U.S. balance of payments on the financial account generates an equal and opposite reaction in the balance of payments on the current account. • Movements in the exchange rate ensure that changes in the financial account and in the current account offset each other! • Dollar ap ...
PDF Download
... Financial market liberalisation – initially in response to steadily falling deposits in the banking system – not surprising in the light of negative real interest rates – started in the 1980s. The first step involved the indexation of financial obligations in 1979. Interest rates were subsequently m ...
... Financial market liberalisation – initially in response to steadily falling deposits in the banking system – not surprising in the light of negative real interest rates – started in the 1980s. The first step involved the indexation of financial obligations in 1979. Interest rates were subsequently m ...
Ratib
... As mentioned earlier, the Marshall-Lerner condition states that given the price elasticities of both the exports and imports of a country are somewhat high, currency depreciation will lead to a current account surplus. However, this may not always be the case if the goods traded are price inelastic. ...
... As mentioned earlier, the Marshall-Lerner condition states that given the price elasticities of both the exports and imports of a country are somewhat high, currency depreciation will lead to a current account surplus. However, this may not always be the case if the goods traded are price inelastic. ...
Special Drawing Rights: An Explanation of Their Current Role and Future Function
... The most prominent alternative for a reserve currency is the Euro, which is now the second largest trading currency in the world (Cohen, 2008; Cooper, 2010). It is the standard currency of 17 countries in the European Union (EU). It started as an accounting quasi currency in 1979 called the European ...
... The most prominent alternative for a reserve currency is the Euro, which is now the second largest trading currency in the world (Cohen, 2008; Cooper, 2010). It is the standard currency of 17 countries in the European Union (EU). It started as an accounting quasi currency in 1979 called the European ...
Intermediate Macroeconomics - College Of Business and
... in C, except for Great Depression Poorly conceived ...
... in C, except for Great Depression Poorly conceived ...
new version - the School of Economics and Finance
... The deficit (about $250b in 2009) concerns economists for several reasons: 1. Indicates that at the current exchange rate, foreigners demand fewer U.S. exports than American’s demand imports. 2. Foreigners’ claims on U.S. assets are growing, possibly leading to a decreased demand for dollars over ti ...
... The deficit (about $250b in 2009) concerns economists for several reasons: 1. Indicates that at the current exchange rate, foreigners demand fewer U.S. exports than American’s demand imports. 2. Foreigners’ claims on U.S. assets are growing, possibly leading to a decreased demand for dollars over ti ...
Australia`s Survey of Foreign Currency Exposure
... also exposes entities to foreign currency risk, unless these exposures are hedged. For individual entities with unhedged foreign currency assets, liabilities or trade exposures, fluctuations in the exchange rate can lead to changes in the local currency value of their balance sheet positions and/or ...
... also exposes entities to foreign currency risk, unless these exposures are hedged. For individual entities with unhedged foreign currency assets, liabilities or trade exposures, fluctuations in the exchange rate can lead to changes in the local currency value of their balance sheet positions and/or ...
publication - Centre for European Policy Studies
... History shows that – lacking an automatic balance-of-payments adjustment mechanism as under the gold standard – fixed exchange rate arrangements tend to break down under the attacks of financial speculation, but also that these attacks are encouraged by sustained divergences in prices, wages and pro ...
... History shows that – lacking an automatic balance-of-payments adjustment mechanism as under the gold standard – fixed exchange rate arrangements tend to break down under the attacks of financial speculation, but also that these attacks are encouraged by sustained divergences in prices, wages and pro ...
Hard peg and monetary unions.Main lessons from the Argentine
... From the fiscal point of view, a CB has a strong advantage, especially in terms of fiscal financing transparency. The only way of financing deficits is with debt, thus the real measurement of fiscal deficit is the growth of the country’s debt (see Figure 1). Convertibility started with a public deb ...
... From the fiscal point of view, a CB has a strong advantage, especially in terms of fiscal financing transparency. The only way of financing deficits is with debt, thus the real measurement of fiscal deficit is the growth of the country’s debt (see Figure 1). Convertibility started with a public deb ...
Monetary Model
... Can the exchange rate be fixed and the government still have some monetary independence? •Adjusting government spending can relieve monetary policy of some of the burden of fixing the exchange rate. But in practice, fiscal policy is not a useful tool for exchange rate management, because it takes to ...
... Can the exchange rate be fixed and the government still have some monetary independence? •Adjusting government spending can relieve monetary policy of some of the burden of fixing the exchange rate. But in practice, fiscal policy is not a useful tool for exchange rate management, because it takes to ...
Balance-of-Payments Concepts
... an impact ou aggregate economic activity. For example, some changes in the terms,of trade and in the volusue of trade and capital flows can affect the productive capacity of a given econosny. However, it should be noted that both of these channels relate t9 the concept of the gains fmosu trade. whic ...
... an impact ou aggregate economic activity. For example, some changes in the terms,of trade and in the volusue of trade and capital flows can affect the productive capacity of a given econosny. However, it should be noted that both of these channels relate t9 the concept of the gains fmosu trade. whic ...
Reforming the International Monetary System
... provision. They will help to limit the effects of individual and systemic crises and to decrease their frequency. We make four principal recommendations. 1. Develop alternatives to US Treasuries as the dominant reserve asset, thereby accelerating the inevitable transition to a multipolar system. In ...
... provision. They will help to limit the effects of individual and systemic crises and to decrease their frequency. We make four principal recommendations. 1. Develop alternatives to US Treasuries as the dominant reserve asset, thereby accelerating the inevitable transition to a multipolar system. In ...
Business Review Jan-June 2010
... and the extent of indebtedness (60 percent of GDP). Parliament is expected under this Law to monitor the progress and thus the target setting, monitoring and economic decision making are shifted from external agencies to the elected representatives of the people. As these targets reflect the consens ...
... and the extent of indebtedness (60 percent of GDP). Parliament is expected under this Law to monitor the progress and thus the target setting, monitoring and economic decision making are shifted from external agencies to the elected representatives of the people. As these targets reflect the consens ...
Imports
... correlated within each region.11 On the other hand, the weak financial systems would be a problem for a common currency bloc among the countries in East Asia, though not a decisive factor. The foreign exchange markets of some of the prospective members are not well developed, and the countries still ...
... correlated within each region.11 On the other hand, the weak financial systems would be a problem for a common currency bloc among the countries in East Asia, though not a decisive factor. The foreign exchange markets of some of the prospective members are not well developed, and the countries still ...