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Exchange Rate Topics
Exchange Rate Topics

... {HK$1000/ S01/01} US dollars. 2. Put {S01/01 × HK$1000} into bank account. After 1 year get US$(1+iF)×{HK$1000/S01/01 } 3. Convert these funds into US at exchange rate prevailing in 1 year. (1  i F )  S12 / 31  HK $1000 S01/ 01 ...
Ch 33
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... If a country wants to keep the value of its currency fixed, then its central bank should A. sell domestic goods when there is an increase in the supply of its domestic currency. B. buy domestic goods when there is an increase in the supply of its domestic currency. C. sell its domestic currency whe ...
From Great Depression to Great Recession
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... In 2014, we celebrated the 70th anniversary of the Bretton Woods Conference; 2015 marked the 40th anniversary of the IMF’s Second Amendment to the Articles of Agreement and the 30th anniversary of the Plaza Accord—one of the few instances of explicit international policy coordination. Against the ba ...
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... expected inflation in the euro area had drifted towards their historical lows” potential second-round effects on wage and pricesetting ( result of expectations) „forceful monetary policy response” needed context: key ECB interest rates are already at their lower bound ( „pushing on a string”) ...
The International Monetary System
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... The modern version of the “beggar-my-neighbour” policy that Rajan was referring to works as follows. The leading capitalist country of the world, the United States, in order to stimulate growth in its economy, lowers its interest rate almost to zero and in the process floods the economy with dollars ...
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... • When the domestic currency is overvalued, the central bank must purchase domestic currency to keep the exchange rate fixed, but as a result, it loses international reserves • When the domestic currency is undervalued, the central bank must sell domestic currency to keep the exchange rate fixed, bu ...
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... SUBSEQUENT TO INITIAL RECOGNITION CONTD. Monetary items denominated in a foreign currency should be reported using the closing rate but in the circumstances where the closing rate is unrealistic or where there are restrictions on remittances etc. the relevant monetary item should be reported at the ...
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pegging to the dollar and the feasibility of the proposed currency area in the gcc
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... development of the region's bond and equity markets and by improving the efficiency of financial services. In contrast, the costs of a monetary union to individual countries—such as giving up the ability to set an independent monetary policy and adjust the nominal exchange rate— should not be high b ...
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... The primary emphasis of this course will be the study of monetary theory and policy with particular emphasis on the institutions that rarry out monetary policy. There are several competing views of the effectiveness, or ineffectiveness, of monetary policy and these will be examined in detail. Recent ...
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... came in 1999 to 2001 when the US dollar appreciated forcing the peso to appreciate and making Argentine goods even less competitive. Now, in addition to an incredibly weakened banking system, Argentinean prices were that much more uncompetitive. A fixed exchange rate means Argentina’s currency is u ...
Shalendra-D-Sharma - Lahore School of Economics
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... full convertibility. However, it failed to reassure the markets. The government then froze bank deposits in December 2001 in a last-ditch effort to save the financial system from collapse -- but it was too little too late. After all, Argentina’s fixed exchange rate system was based on full capital a ...
Lecture 22: Crises in Emerging Markets
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... Notes: Data on private capital flows from IMF's IFS database, Dec. 2013. Capital flows are private financial flows to emerging markets and developing economies. Volatility index measured by the Chicago Board's VIX or VXO at end of period. 2013 data are estimates. See K.Forbes & F.Warnock (2012), “Ca ...
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... and their own demands on the borrowers. These include (at least so far) a rejection of outright sovereign debt restructuring outside of Greece, in part because widespread restructuring might imperil banks elsewhere in Europe as well as the capital of the ECB, which has heavily underwritten the banki ...
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Bretton Woods system

The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australasia and Japan in the mid-20th century. The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states. The chief features of the Bretton Woods system were an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate by tying its currency to gold and the ability of the IMF to bridge temporary imbalances of payments. Also, there was a need to address the lack of cooperation among other countries and to prevent competitive devaluation of the currencies as well.Preparing to rebuild the international economic system while World War II was still raging, 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, also known as the Bretton Woods Conference. The delegates deliberated during 1–22 July 1944, and signed the Bretton Woods agreement on its final day. Setting up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system, these accords established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which today is part of the World Bank Group. The United States, which controlled two thirds of the world's gold, insisted that the Bretton Woods system rest on both gold and the US dollar. Soviet representatives attended the conference but later declined to ratify the final agreements, charging that the institutions they had created were ""branches of Wall Street."" These organizations became operational in 1945 after a sufficient number of countries had ratified the agreement.On 15 August 1971, the United States unilaterally terminated convertibility of the US dollar to gold, effectively bringing the Bretton Woods system to an end and rendering the dollar a fiat currency. This action, referred to as the Nixon shock, created the situation in which the United States dollar became a reserve currency used by many states. At the same time, many fixed currencies (such as the pound sterling, for example), also became free-floating.
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