Accounting for Emerging Market Countries` International Reserves
... developed IMF methodology for assessing reserve adequacy, for instance, suggests a range between 100 and 150 percent of its Reserve Adequacy Metric as being appropriate, but for the typical EME, that range translates into 10 percent of GDP. In this paper, therefore, we adopt a more pragmatic tack. R ...
... developed IMF methodology for assessing reserve adequacy, for instance, suggests a range between 100 and 150 percent of its Reserve Adequacy Metric as being appropriate, but for the typical EME, that range translates into 10 percent of GDP. In this paper, therefore, we adopt a more pragmatic tack. R ...
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
... authorized an additional expenditure of $250,000 to repurchase shares. On January 17, 2013, the board authorized an additional expenditure of $250,000 to repurchase shares. The Company’s shares may be purchased over time, as market and business conditions warrant. There is no time restriction on th ...
... authorized an additional expenditure of $250,000 to repurchase shares. On January 17, 2013, the board authorized an additional expenditure of $250,000 to repurchase shares. The Company’s shares may be purchased over time, as market and business conditions warrant. There is no time restriction on th ...
International Reserves - Independent Evaluation Office (IEO)
... IMF’s concerns and advice related to international reserves. First, it examines the origin, rationale, and robustness of the IMF’s concerns about the effects of excessive reserve accumulation on the stability of the international monetary system. Second, it assesses the conceptual underpinnings and ...
... IMF’s concerns and advice related to international reserves. First, it examines the origin, rationale, and robustness of the IMF’s concerns about the effects of excessive reserve accumulation on the stability of the international monetary system. Second, it assesses the conceptual underpinnings and ...
- NIILM University
... every year is to find out enough revenue resources to finance the necessary expenditure on plans and programs. Thus, we see that Scarcity is a universal phenomenon. Let us attempt a technical definition of “Scarcity” • In economic terms it can be termed as “ Excess of Demand” • Any time for any thin ...
... every year is to find out enough revenue resources to finance the necessary expenditure on plans and programs. Thus, we see that Scarcity is a universal phenomenon. Let us attempt a technical definition of “Scarcity” • In economic terms it can be termed as “ Excess of Demand” • Any time for any thin ...
Managerial Economics
... every year is to find out enough revenue resources to finance the necessary expenditure on plans and programs. Thus, we see that Scarcity is a universal phenomenon. Let us attempt a technical definition of “Scarcity” • In economic terms it can be termed as “ Excess of Demand” • Any time for any thin ...
... every year is to find out enough revenue resources to finance the necessary expenditure on plans and programs. Thus, we see that Scarcity is a universal phenomenon. Let us attempt a technical definition of “Scarcity” • In economic terms it can be termed as “ Excess of Demand” • Any time for any thin ...
The Policy Analysis Matrix Computer Tutorial
... Return to the worksheet containing the single commodity calculations. Rename the existing input-output table and add the data for additional commodities shown in Table 2.1. Also, add additional rows to the table and label them Shelling and Drying. The physical data for the paddy and non-paddy crops ...
... Return to the worksheet containing the single commodity calculations. Rename the existing input-output table and add the data for additional commodities shown in Table 2.1. Also, add additional rows to the table and label them Shelling and Drying. The physical data for the paddy and non-paddy crops ...
What are the Sources of Current Account Fluctuations in the G6
... appears on the left hand side, represents the current account to net output ratio. Then, on the right hand side two variables can be observed: the net output and the consumption based real interest rate. However, as previously explained, the consumption based real interest rate is the weighted sum o ...
... appears on the left hand side, represents the current account to net output ratio. Then, on the right hand side two variables can be observed: the net output and the consumption based real interest rate. However, as previously explained, the consumption based real interest rate is the weighted sum o ...
Support for Resistance: Technical Analysis and Intraday
... support and resistance levels provided by individual firms tend to be fairly stable from day to day. Their range varies very little over time. Firms do not agree extensively with each other on the relevant signals. The specific conclusion that exchange rates tend to stop trending at support and resi ...
... support and resistance levels provided by individual firms tend to be fairly stable from day to day. Their range varies very little over time. Firms do not agree extensively with each other on the relevant signals. The specific conclusion that exchange rates tend to stop trending at support and resi ...
Measuring the Stance of Monetary Policy
... We consider four financial variablesM1, the term spread, the overnight rate, and the exchange ratebecause of the following considerations.3 First, since the reserve requirement was eliminated in Canada in 1994, Bernanke and Mihov’s model of the reserves market is not directly applicable. Reserves ...
... We consider four financial variablesM1, the term spread, the overnight rate, and the exchange ratebecause of the following considerations.3 First, since the reserve requirement was eliminated in Canada in 1994, Bernanke and Mihov’s model of the reserves market is not directly applicable. Reserves ...
Identifying Monetary Policy in Open Economies
... identification might make sense for the US, since it is a large and relatively closed economy and the movement of US monetary policy due to foreign shocks is relatively small. In addition, in closed economy models, such as those used by Christiano and Eichenbaum (1992) and Kim (1999), the monetary p ...
... identification might make sense for the US, since it is a large and relatively closed economy and the movement of US monetary policy due to foreign shocks is relatively small. In addition, in closed economy models, such as those used by Christiano and Eichenbaum (1992) and Kim (1999), the monetary p ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... Bureau of Economic Research
... clearly a function of the functional distribution of income that results from the resource allocation associated with a specific trade policy. This model is directly relevant to the analysis of exchange control regimes as well, since a Phase 11 type restrictionist exchange control regime can be iden ...
... clearly a function of the functional distribution of income that results from the resource allocation associated with a specific trade policy. This model is directly relevant to the analysis of exchange control regimes as well, since a Phase 11 type restrictionist exchange control regime can be iden ...
That Which We Call Capital Controls
... attempts at fine-tuning the economy (since part of their justification is that they give policy autonomy), which itself became discredited after the stagflationary 1970s—paving the way for the free market ideology that was highly prevalent till the global financial crisis.7 Inflow controls thus appe ...
... attempts at fine-tuning the economy (since part of their justification is that they give policy autonomy), which itself became discredited after the stagflationary 1970s—paving the way for the free market ideology that was highly prevalent till the global financial crisis.7 Inflow controls thus appe ...
CD1. European Economy. Basic editions. 44/1990. One market, one
... budgetary policies at national and Community levels will also absorb shocks and aid adjustment, and the external current account constraint will disappear. ...
... budgetary policies at national and Community levels will also absorb shocks and aid adjustment, and the external current account constraint will disappear. ...
Seminar Paper No. 643 MONEY GROWTH TARGETING by Jürgen von Hagen
... conflict with other actors. To make this point, we review in section III the introduction of monetary targeting by the Bundesbank in the mid-1970s. In section IV, we broaden the perspective to discuss some implications for the monetary strategy of the ECB. One implication of the political economy vi ...
... conflict with other actors. To make this point, we review in section III the introduction of monetary targeting by the Bundesbank in the mid-1970s. In section IV, we broaden the perspective to discuss some implications for the monetary strategy of the ECB. One implication of the political economy vi ...
How Should the Foreign-directed Enterprises Face the Impact of RMB Appreciation?
... between China and the western developed countries, mainly United States, Japan and Britain. The main reason for the western developed countries to push China appreciate RMB is that the under-value of RMB promotes China’s export and trade surplus, and finally will threaten the employment of U.S. and ...
... between China and the western developed countries, mainly United States, Japan and Britain. The main reason for the western developed countries to push China appreciate RMB is that the under-value of RMB promotes China’s export and trade surplus, and finally will threaten the employment of U.S. and ...
Are Developing Asia`s Foreign Exchange Reserves Excessive? An
... somewhat different is a third benefit from reserves─exchange rate stability. A central bank may accumulate reserves as a result of foreign exchange market interventions aimed at stabilizing the exchange rate. Reserve accumulation not only yields benefits but entails costs as well. The three major co ...
... somewhat different is a third benefit from reserves─exchange rate stability. A central bank may accumulate reserves as a result of foreign exchange market interventions aimed at stabilizing the exchange rate. Reserve accumulation not only yields benefits but entails costs as well. The three major co ...
The determinants of inflation in Kenya (1970 – 2013)
... The country has experienced inflation swings since 1970-2013 and this paper sought to explain the causes of these swings and how they were later controlled to attain lower rates of inflation in the subsequent years. ...
... The country has experienced inflation swings since 1970-2013 and this paper sought to explain the causes of these swings and how they were later controlled to attain lower rates of inflation in the subsequent years. ...
Seminar Paper No. 648 INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES WITH DIFFERENT MONETARY POLICY REGIMES by
... successfully to control inflation in industrialized countries. Both France and the United Kingdom, for example, successfully used exchange-rate targeting to lower inflation by tying the value of their currencies to the German mark. In 1987, when France first pegged their exchange rate to the mark, i ...
... successfully to control inflation in industrialized countries. Both France and the United Kingdom, for example, successfully used exchange-rate targeting to lower inflation by tying the value of their currencies to the German mark. In 1987, when France first pegged their exchange rate to the mark, i ...
Working Paper No. 321 - Good Policies or Good Luck? New Insights
... out an analytical framework that helps us understand how the monetary policy transmission mechanism under di¤erent policy regimes is altered by the degree of openness and, second, it provides closed-form solutions that are tractable and facilitate a positive analysis of international monetary policy ...
... out an analytical framework that helps us understand how the monetary policy transmission mechanism under di¤erent policy regimes is altered by the degree of openness and, second, it provides closed-form solutions that are tractable and facilitate a positive analysis of international monetary policy ...
understanding the roles of money, or when is the friedman rule
... money holdings at the end of their second (and last) period of life, the currency is purchased by the young households from the next generation, who pay for it with goods from their incomes or endowments. ...
... money holdings at the end of their second (and last) period of life, the currency is purchased by the young households from the next generation, who pay for it with goods from their incomes or endowments. ...
Essays on Unemployment and Real Exchange Rates Hans Lindblad
... digit figures. The lower activity in the economy in combination with a pickup in productivity triggered a massive rise in the unemployment rate. Open unemployment rose from less than 2% in 1989 to 8% in 1994, and total unemployment (the sum of open unemployment and participation in active labor mark ...
... digit figures. The lower activity in the economy in combination with a pickup in productivity triggered a massive rise in the unemployment rate. Open unemployment rose from less than 2% in 1989 to 8% in 1994, and total unemployment (the sum of open unemployment and participation in active labor mark ...
G97/8 Inflation targeting in an open economy: Strict or flexible inflation targeting?
... Zealand to 2 percent per year in Canada, Sweden and Finland and to 2.5 percent per year in Britain and Australia. For a given bandwidth, I don’t think the difference between a midpoint of 1.5 or 2.5 matters much. For instance, I don’t think there was any good reason to raise the midpoint of the targ ...
... Zealand to 2 percent per year in Canada, Sweden and Finland and to 2.5 percent per year in Britain and Australia. For a given bandwidth, I don’t think the difference between a midpoint of 1.5 or 2.5 matters much. For instance, I don’t think there was any good reason to raise the midpoint of the targ ...
A Federal Funds Rate Equation - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
... examined here the Fed has not always focused on the federal funds rate and when it did it has used varying monetary policy operating procedures to manage it. Thus, the Fed focused on free reserves and short-term money market rates (including the funds rate) during most of the 1950s and 196Os, used ' ...
... examined here the Fed has not always focused on the federal funds rate and when it did it has used varying monetary policy operating procedures to manage it. Thus, the Fed focused on free reserves and short-term money market rates (including the funds rate) during most of the 1950s and 196Os, used ' ...