Complete Set
... dissolve all of the calcium hydroxide? Assume the volume of the nitric acid is small and can be ignored in the calculation of the total volume. If all of the Ca(OH)2 dissolves then [Ca2+(aq)] = 0.0270 M. The [OH(aq)] required to achieve this is given by: Ksp = [Ca2+(aq)][OH-(aq)]2 = (0.0270) × [OH-( ...
... dissolve all of the calcium hydroxide? Assume the volume of the nitric acid is small and can be ignored in the calculation of the total volume. If all of the Ca(OH)2 dissolves then [Ca2+(aq)] = 0.0270 M. The [OH(aq)] required to achieve this is given by: Ksp = [Ca2+(aq)][OH-(aq)]2 = (0.0270) × [OH-( ...
sample chapter
... All solutes that dissolve in water fit into one of two categories: electrolytes and nonelectrolytes. An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity. A nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Figure 4.1 show ...
... All solutes that dissolve in water fit into one of two categories: electrolytes and nonelectrolytes. An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity. A nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Figure 4.1 show ...
Naphtyl-imidazo-anthraquinones as novel colorimetric
... ion complexation giving a yellow-pink-yellow, reversible colorimetric reaction and a “on-off-on” fluorescence in acetonitrile. The binding stoichiometry between the receptors and the anions and cations was found to be 1:1 and 2:1 respectively. The binding process was also followed by 1H NMR titratio ...
... ion complexation giving a yellow-pink-yellow, reversible colorimetric reaction and a “on-off-on” fluorescence in acetonitrile. The binding stoichiometry between the receptors and the anions and cations was found to be 1:1 and 2:1 respectively. The binding process was also followed by 1H NMR titratio ...
1. Potentiometric determination of the dissociation constant of week
... dissolved substance, is referred to as the solute. A solution may be gaseous, liquid or solid. This treatment will refer particularly to solutions which are liquid, although the dissolved substance may originally be a solid. It has been known for many years that when a non-volatile solute is dissolv ...
... dissolved substance, is referred to as the solute. A solution may be gaseous, liquid or solid. This treatment will refer particularly to solutions which are liquid, although the dissolved substance may originally be a solid. It has been known for many years that when a non-volatile solute is dissolv ...
Physical-chemical properties of complex natural fluids
... high temperature fumarole gases (a); thermodynamic properties of metamorphic fluids at high pressures (b); and the extent of hydrogen-bonding in supercritical water over wide range of densities and temperatures (c). (a) At about 10 Mpa, degassing of magmas is accompanied by formation of neary ‘dry’ ...
... high temperature fumarole gases (a); thermodynamic properties of metamorphic fluids at high pressures (b); and the extent of hydrogen-bonding in supercritical water over wide range of densities and temperatures (c). (a) At about 10 Mpa, degassing of magmas is accompanied by formation of neary ‘dry’ ...
AP Chemistry Notes and Worksheets 2014
... man has pondered what comprises matter and how the world is organized, down to the smallest level. You now live in a time of scanning tunneling microscopes, where atoms can be seen, and much of the quest has been accomplished. However, the study of chemistry continues to help us relate the larger sc ...
... man has pondered what comprises matter and how the world is organized, down to the smallest level. You now live in a time of scanning tunneling microscopes, where atoms can be seen, and much of the quest has been accomplished. However, the study of chemistry continues to help us relate the larger sc ...
feature article
... increases until, at a sufficiently high amphiphile concentration, the mixture becomes homogeneous. As experiment shows, the distribution of the amphiphiles between the aqueous and the oil-rich phase changes with temperature: at ambient temperatures, nonionic amphiphiles are more soluble in the (lowe ...
... increases until, at a sufficiently high amphiphile concentration, the mixture becomes homogeneous. As experiment shows, the distribution of the amphiphiles between the aqueous and the oil-rich phase changes with temperature: at ambient temperatures, nonionic amphiphiles are more soluble in the (lowe ...
Lecture notes
... Unless otherwise stated, all images in this file have been reproduced from: Blackman, Bottle, Schmid, Mocerino and Wille, Chemistry, 2012 (John Wiley) ISBN: 978 1 74246 707 8 ...
... Unless otherwise stated, all images in this file have been reproduced from: Blackman, Bottle, Schmid, Mocerino and Wille, Chemistry, 2012 (John Wiley) ISBN: 978 1 74246 707 8 ...
Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
... negative charge near the oxygen end of the molecule and partial positive charge near the hydrogen atoms. Thus, the negative end of a water molecule is strongly attracted to positively charged cations, and the positive end of each water molecule is attracted to anions. The dissolution of solid sodium ...
... negative charge near the oxygen end of the molecule and partial positive charge near the hydrogen atoms. Thus, the negative end of a water molecule is strongly attracted to positively charged cations, and the positive end of each water molecule is attracted to anions. The dissolution of solid sodium ...
Supercritical Burning of Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Droplet with Detailed
... characteristics) less sensitive to chemical kinetics. Because we are particularly interested in flame description, we have used gas phase thermodynamic and transport properties. Such a practice is questionable for the dense fluid (i.e., the “droplet” and its close vicinity): we will show nevertheles ...
... characteristics) less sensitive to chemical kinetics. Because we are particularly interested in flame description, we have used gas phase thermodynamic and transport properties. Such a practice is questionable for the dense fluid (i.e., the “droplet” and its close vicinity): we will show nevertheles ...
Fundamentals
... Write a full, balanced equation for the reaction, showing the ions present in the reactants and products. Identify any non-ionic substances and include state symbols in the equation. Cross out the spectator ions that appear on both sides of the equation and so do not take part in the reaction. Solut ...
... Write a full, balanced equation for the reaction, showing the ions present in the reactants and products. Identify any non-ionic substances and include state symbols in the equation. Cross out the spectator ions that appear on both sides of the equation and so do not take part in the reaction. Solut ...
Glossary of terms used in photocatalysis and radiation catalysis
... tation marks” indicates that it is NOT defined in this Glossary (see [11]). In addition, an underlined word marks its importance in the respective entry. Synonyms appear in non-bolded roman type immediately below the main term. The same convention as in the “Glossary of terms used in photochemistry” ...
... tation marks” indicates that it is NOT defined in this Glossary (see [11]). In addition, an underlined word marks its importance in the respective entry. Synonyms appear in non-bolded roman type immediately below the main term. The same convention as in the “Glossary of terms used in photochemistry” ...
813. - Materials and Process Simulation Center
... We report reactive dynamics (RD) studies on: the decomposition of bulk hydrazine (N2H4); the decomposition of bulk monomethyl-hydrazine (CH3N2H3), hereafter referred to simply as methyl-hydrazine; the decomposition of hydrazine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); and decomposition hydrazine ...
... We report reactive dynamics (RD) studies on: the decomposition of bulk hydrazine (N2H4); the decomposition of bulk monomethyl-hydrazine (CH3N2H3), hereafter referred to simply as methyl-hydrazine; the decomposition of hydrazine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); and decomposition hydrazine ...
Spinodal decomposition
Spinodal decomposition is a mechanism for the rapid unmixing of a mixture of liquids or solids from one thermodynamic phase, to form two coexisting phases. As an example, consider a hot mixture of water and an oil. At high temperatures the oil and the water may mix to form a single thermodynamic phase in which water molecules are surrounded by oil molecules and vice versa. The mixture is then suddenly cooled to a temperature at which thermodynamic equilibrium favours an oil-rich phase coexisting with a water-rich phase. Spinodal decomposition then occurs when the mixture is such that there is essentially no barrier to nucleation of the new oil-rich and water-rich phases. In other words, the oil and water molecules immediately start to cluster together into microscopic water-rich and oil-rich clusters throughout the liquid. These clusters then rapidly grow and coalesce until there is a single macroscopic oil-rich cluster, the oil-rich phase, and a single water-rich cluster, the water-rich phase.Spinodal decomposition can be contrasted with nucleation and growth. There the initial formation of the microscopic clusters involves a large free energy barrier, and so can be very slow, and may occur as little as once in the initial phase, not throughout the phase, as happens in spinodal decomposition.Spinodal decomposition is of interest for two primary reasons. In the first place, it is one of the few phase transformations in solids for which there is any plausible quantitative theory. The reason for this is the inherent simplicity of the reaction. Since there is no thermodynamic barrier to the reaction inside of the spinodal region, the decomposition is determined solely by diffusion. Thus, it can be treated purely as a diffusional problem, and many of the characteristics of the decomposition can be described by an approximate analytical solution to the general diffusion equation.In contrast, theories of nucleation and growth have to invoke the thermodynamics of fluctuations. And the diffusional problem involved in the growth of the nucleus is far more difficult to solve, because it is unrealistic to linearize the diffusion equation.From a more practical standpoint, spinodal decomposition provides a means of producing a very finely dispersed microstructure that can significantly enhance the physical properties of the material.