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synoptic - chemnotes.org.uk
... A covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons Covalent bonds hold atoms together because both nuclei are attracted to the shared pair of electrons The strength of the bond depends on the strength of attraction between the nuclei and the shared pair Down a group attraction for the shared pair will de ...
... A covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons Covalent bonds hold atoms together because both nuclei are attracted to the shared pair of electrons The strength of the bond depends on the strength of attraction between the nuclei and the shared pair Down a group attraction for the shared pair will de ...
Study Guide 1st Semester
... 31. What is a valence electron? 32. Where are the alkali metal elements found? How do their electron configurations end? What are some typical behaviors of alkali metals? 33. Where are the alkaline earth metals found? How do their electron configurations end? What are some typical behaviors of alkal ...
... 31. What is a valence electron? 32. Where are the alkali metal elements found? How do their electron configurations end? What are some typical behaviors of alkali metals? 33. Where are the alkaline earth metals found? How do their electron configurations end? What are some typical behaviors of alkal ...
ChemChapter_7sec1_and_section2[1]FORMULA
... not have an exact physical meaning: rather, they serve as useful “bookkeeping” devices to help keep track of electrons. ...
... not have an exact physical meaning: rather, they serve as useful “bookkeeping” devices to help keep track of electrons. ...
All That Matters - Teach-n-Learn-Chem
... We need to be able to identify the materials we see every day so that we can use them correctly. We do this by observing physical and chemical properties and comparing them to what we know from personal experience. Physical properties include such things as boiling point, color, density, hardness, m ...
... We need to be able to identify the materials we see every day so that we can use them correctly. We do this by observing physical and chemical properties and comparing them to what we know from personal experience. Physical properties include such things as boiling point, color, density, hardness, m ...
Nitrogen and its compounds - kcpe-kcse
... It is then passed through a heated combustion tube containing heated copper turnings which remove oxygen. Nitrogen is then collected over water. Traces of noble gases present in air still remain in the final product. ...
... It is then passed through a heated combustion tube containing heated copper turnings which remove oxygen. Nitrogen is then collected over water. Traces of noble gases present in air still remain in the final product. ...
Click Here To File
... Chemical test to distinguish between two isomers:The isomer [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4 gives a white precipitate of BaSO4 with BaCl2 solution whereas the isomer [Co(NH3)5SO4]Br does not form this precipitate. (or any other relevant test) (a) KCN is predominantly ionic and provides cyanide ions in solution. Alt ...
... Chemical test to distinguish between two isomers:The isomer [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4 gives a white precipitate of BaSO4 with BaCl2 solution whereas the isomer [Co(NH3)5SO4]Br does not form this precipitate. (or any other relevant test) (a) KCN is predominantly ionic and provides cyanide ions in solution. Alt ...
Chemistry 101 Chapter 4 Elements, Atoms, and Ions = =
... conditions to produce the metal hydroxides. Halogens (7A): F, Cl, Br, I, and At. They are reactive (even more reactive than Alkali metals). They are nonmetals. They are colored substances. Noble gases (8A): He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn. They are gases under normal temperature and pressure. They form e ...
... conditions to produce the metal hydroxides. Halogens (7A): F, Cl, Br, I, and At. They are reactive (even more reactive than Alkali metals). They are nonmetals. They are colored substances. Noble gases (8A): He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn. They are gases under normal temperature and pressure. They form e ...
ch14 lecture 7e
... Compounds of 3A elements have more covalent character than similar 2A compounds. Aluminum has the physical properties of a metal, but its halides exist as covalent dimers. ...
... Compounds of 3A elements have more covalent character than similar 2A compounds. Aluminum has the physical properties of a metal, but its halides exist as covalent dimers. ...
Lecture notes chapter 4
... conditions to produce the metal hydroxides. Halogens (7A): F, Cl, Br, I, and At. They are reactive (even more reactive than Alkali metals). They are nonmetals. They are colored substances. Noble gases (8A): He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn. They are gases under normal temperature and pressure. They form e ...
... conditions to produce the metal hydroxides. Halogens (7A): F, Cl, Br, I, and At. They are reactive (even more reactive than Alkali metals). They are nonmetals. They are colored substances. Noble gases (8A): He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn. They are gases under normal temperature and pressure. They form e ...
E:\My Documents\sch3u\SCH3Ureview.wpd
... c) Explain why all the atoms in this family form stable ions with this charge. 13) The Alkali Metals are a very reactive family of metals. a) Explain what happens to these atoms when they react with an atom of Chlorine. b) Why do all atoms in this family behave in this manner with Chlorine? c) Potas ...
... c) Explain why all the atoms in this family form stable ions with this charge. 13) The Alkali Metals are a very reactive family of metals. a) Explain what happens to these atoms when they react with an atom of Chlorine. b) Why do all atoms in this family behave in this manner with Chlorine? c) Potas ...
Oxidation And Degradation Products Of Common Oxygen Scavengers
... For many years, sulfite and hydrazine were the principal materials used to protect boiler systems from oxygen attack. When hydrazine became listed as a suspected carcinogen, a search began for a replacement. During the search it became apparent that strong reducing agents (oxygen scavengers) should ...
... For many years, sulfite and hydrazine were the principal materials used to protect boiler systems from oxygen attack. When hydrazine became listed as a suspected carcinogen, a search began for a replacement. During the search it became apparent that strong reducing agents (oxygen scavengers) should ...
Worksheet
... How we read an equation is important also. The equation above would be read as follows. Two moles of diatomic hydrogen react with one mole of diatomic oxygen to yield 2 moles of water. Even if there is no coefficient in front of a formula, it still means there is one mole of the substance. Diatomic ...
... How we read an equation is important also. The equation above would be read as follows. Two moles of diatomic hydrogen react with one mole of diatomic oxygen to yield 2 moles of water. Even if there is no coefficient in front of a formula, it still means there is one mole of the substance. Diatomic ...
EXAM REVIEW !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The examination is scheduled
... How are they derived from the equation for dU? What about dG? What are the natural thermodynamic variables for dG? Be able to write out dG for these variables? These variables are derived from the basic definition of G=H-TS. (Gsys)T,P tells us about the spontaneity of the process, and whether the s ...
... How are they derived from the equation for dU? What about dG? What are the natural thermodynamic variables for dG? Be able to write out dG for these variables? These variables are derived from the basic definition of G=H-TS. (Gsys)T,P tells us about the spontaneity of the process, and whether the s ...
Nuclear Astrophysics (1)
... information on energy/momentum distributions of particles. It is only determined up to a constant. If energy generation due to mass differences in reactions is involved, the above equation is correct, if the rest mass energy is added. The above equation leads to solutions fo ...
... information on energy/momentum distributions of particles. It is only determined up to a constant. If energy generation due to mass differences in reactions is involved, the above equation is correct, if the rest mass energy is added. The above equation leads to solutions fo ...
AP Review to Share - Wappingers Central School District
... Drawing Lewis Structures for COVALENT compounds: 1. The atom with lowest EN is the central atom. 2. Count the total number of valence electrons. MAGIC NUMBER! (adjust for ions) 3. Place one sigma bond (a pair of electrons) between each pair of bonded atoms. 4. Subtract the total number of valence el ...
... Drawing Lewis Structures for COVALENT compounds: 1. The atom with lowest EN is the central atom. 2. Count the total number of valence electrons. MAGIC NUMBER! (adjust for ions) 3. Place one sigma bond (a pair of electrons) between each pair of bonded atoms. 4. Subtract the total number of valence el ...
Hydrothermal Reactions from Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate to Phenol
... fluids, which supports the occurrence of an abiogenic source of hydrocarbons.10 Usually, formation of abiogenic hydrocarbons by the reduction of carbon dioxide was thought to occur under hydrothermal conditions involving FischerTropsch reactions and the serpentinization of ultramafic rocks.11,12 Gen ...
... fluids, which supports the occurrence of an abiogenic source of hydrocarbons.10 Usually, formation of abiogenic hydrocarbons by the reduction of carbon dioxide was thought to occur under hydrothermal conditions involving FischerTropsch reactions and the serpentinization of ultramafic rocks.11,12 Gen ...
General Chemistry
... nucleus and, by decentralizing the cloud, leaves the atom with a positive partial charge. Because of the small size of hydrogen relative to other atoms and molecules, the resulting charge, though only partial, nevertheless represents a large charge density. A hydrogen bond results when this strong p ...
... nucleus and, by decentralizing the cloud, leaves the atom with a positive partial charge. Because of the small size of hydrogen relative to other atoms and molecules, the resulting charge, though only partial, nevertheless represents a large charge density. A hydrogen bond results when this strong p ...
A Classification of AP Chemistry Reactions
... permanganates, dichromates, etc. First of all, since these are redox reactions, one thing must be oxidized and another must be reduced. Jotting down oxidation numbers can be helpful. Second, almost all of these reactions take place in acid solution. This means that H + is almost sure to be a reactan ...
... permanganates, dichromates, etc. First of all, since these are redox reactions, one thing must be oxidized and another must be reduced. Jotting down oxidation numbers can be helpful. Second, almost all of these reactions take place in acid solution. This means that H + is almost sure to be a reactan ...
6.5 Main Group
... Thallium is extremely toxic causing liver and kidney failure, deafness and blindness. Tl2SO4 has been used as rat poison in the past. (See: thallium poisoning of ex-KGB spy Alexander Litvinenko.) ...
... Thallium is extremely toxic causing liver and kidney failure, deafness and blindness. Tl2SO4 has been used as rat poison in the past. (See: thallium poisoning of ex-KGB spy Alexander Litvinenko.) ...
The Periodic Table - Harlan Independent Schools
... The lighter alkaline earth metals such as magnesium and calcium are very important in animal and plant physiology. You all know that calcium helps build your bones. ...
... The lighter alkaline earth metals such as magnesium and calcium are very important in animal and plant physiology. You all know that calcium helps build your bones. ...
chemistry
... If you wish to change an answer, erase your first penciled circle and then circle with pencil the number of the answer you want. After you have completed the examination and you have decided that all of the circled answers represent your best judgment, signal a proctor and turn in all examination ma ...
... If you wish to change an answer, erase your first penciled circle and then circle with pencil the number of the answer you want. After you have completed the examination and you have decided that all of the circled answers represent your best judgment, signal a proctor and turn in all examination ma ...
Redox
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NaF.gif?width=300)
Redox reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed; in general, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between species. The term ""redox"" comes from two concepts involved with electron transfer: reduction and oxidation. It can be explained in simple terms: Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion. Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.Although oxidation reactions are commonly associated with the formation of oxides from oxygen molecules, these are only specific examples of a more general concept of reactions involving electron transfer.Redox reactions, or oxidation-reduction reactions, have a number of similarities to acid–base reactions. Like acid–base reactions, redox reactions are a matched set, that is, there cannot be an oxidation reaction without a reduction reaction happening simultaneously. The oxidation alone and the reduction alone are each called a half-reaction, because two half-reactions always occur together to form a whole reaction. When writing half-reactions, the gained or lost electrons are typically included explicitly in order that the half-reaction be balanced with respect to electric charge.Though sufficient for many purposes, these descriptions are not precisely correct. Oxidation and reduction properly refer to a change in oxidation state — the actual transfer of electrons may never occur. The oxidation state of an atom is the fictitious charge that an atom would have if all bonds between atoms of different elements were 100% ionic. Thus, oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation state, and reduction as a decrease in oxidation state. In practice, the transfer of electrons will always cause a change in oxidation state, but there are many reactions that are classed as ""redox"" even though no electron transfer occurs (such as those involving covalent bonds).There are simple redox processes, such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide (CO2) or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), and more complex processes such as the oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) in the human body through a series of complex electron transfer processes.