Interaction between the 5-HT system and the basal ganglia
... innervations come mainly from the DRN. The BG are a highly organized network of subcortical nuclei composed of the striatum (caudate and putamen), subthalamic nucleus (STN), internal and external globus pallidus (or entopeduncular nucleus in rodents, GPi/EP and GPe) and substantia nigra (pars compac ...
... innervations come mainly from the DRN. The BG are a highly organized network of subcortical nuclei composed of the striatum (caudate and putamen), subthalamic nucleus (STN), internal and external globus pallidus (or entopeduncular nucleus in rodents, GPi/EP and GPe) and substantia nigra (pars compac ...
Improvement of post-hypoxic action myoclonus with
... on the clinical ground alone. In chronic PAM, myoclonus is noted within a few days to some months after the acute episode. The myoclonus may be accompanied by dysmetria, dysarthria and ataxia, with relatively preserved higher cognitive functions 2, 3. Several types of myoclonus can be observed in th ...
... on the clinical ground alone. In chronic PAM, myoclonus is noted within a few days to some months after the acute episode. The myoclonus may be accompanied by dysmetria, dysarthria and ataxia, with relatively preserved higher cognitive functions 2, 3. Several types of myoclonus can be observed in th ...
IFP addendum_US.book
... monitoring is especially important for patients whose growth is not complete at implant. Consideration should be given to replacement of the extension with one of greater length during other elective surgery procedures, such as during the regular changeout of neurostimulators that must occur because ...
... monitoring is especially important for patients whose growth is not complete at implant. Consideration should be given to replacement of the extension with one of greater length during other elective surgery procedures, such as during the regular changeout of neurostimulators that must occur because ...
Doctor I feeling Dizzy - ACM
... Dizziness is a non-specific term used by patients to describe symptoms It is a common symptom 7 million clinic visits/year in U.S. Dizziness can represent many different overlapping sensations Caused by different pathophysiologic mechanisms ...
... Dizziness is a non-specific term used by patients to describe symptoms It is a common symptom 7 million clinic visits/year in U.S. Dizziness can represent many different overlapping sensations Caused by different pathophysiologic mechanisms ...
Reading disorder (dyslexia)
... prefrontal cortex , which is the reverse pattern of relative density of the D4 receptors, so the regulation of levels of synaptic dopamine by the reuptake process should differ dramatically in these two brain regions. •the site of action of methylphenidate, which blocks the re-uptake process. ...
... prefrontal cortex , which is the reverse pattern of relative density of the D4 receptors, so the regulation of levels of synaptic dopamine by the reuptake process should differ dramatically in these two brain regions. •the site of action of methylphenidate, which blocks the re-uptake process. ...
Believing is perceiving: mismatch between self
... with organic motor disorders rely primarily on demonstrating a mismatch between symptoms as presented by the patient and ...
... with organic motor disorders rely primarily on demonstrating a mismatch between symptoms as presented by the patient and ...
The genetics of dystonia: new twists in an old tale
... The classification of the dystonia is complex and not entirely satisfactory. Several approaches or systems operate in parallel. Clinically, the dystonias are usually classified according to one of four major variables: (i) age of onset (early onset versus adult onset); (ii) distribution of affected ...
... The classification of the dystonia is complex and not entirely satisfactory. Several approaches or systems operate in parallel. Clinically, the dystonias are usually classified according to one of four major variables: (i) age of onset (early onset versus adult onset); (ii) distribution of affected ...
Vertebrobasilar Occlusion and Vertebral Artery Syndrome
... Basilar artery thrombosis may be preceded by transient ischaemic attacks for days or weeks prior to occlusion (seen in half of patients who experience a vertebrobasilar stroke). Embolic events cause sudden and dramatic symptoms without prodrome. It may (rarely) be brought on by turning the head (tem ...
... Basilar artery thrombosis may be preceded by transient ischaemic attacks for days or weeks prior to occlusion (seen in half of patients who experience a vertebrobasilar stroke). Embolic events cause sudden and dramatic symptoms without prodrome. It may (rarely) be brought on by turning the head (tem ...
Babinski`s Lost Legacy: A Remarkable Case of a Not-So
... with visual aura and hysteria. However, this nosological entity is often overlooked due to the arduous historical task of defining conversion disorder (CD). Nonetheless, migraine associated with CD, or Babinski’s migraine (BM), is a well-documented subset of migraine with aura (MWA), which requires ...
... with visual aura and hysteria. However, this nosological entity is often overlooked due to the arduous historical task of defining conversion disorder (CD). Nonetheless, migraine associated with CD, or Babinski’s migraine (BM), is a well-documented subset of migraine with aura (MWA), which requires ...
PANDAS, Autism Spectrum Disorders And Involvement Of
... and possibly ASD has led some to question whether non-pathogenic species of streptococcus, such as the commonly ingested probiotic organism S. thermophilus, may trigger autoantibody production in either of these disorders. While this is an understandable concern, it must be emphasized that GABHS, or ...
... and possibly ASD has led some to question whether non-pathogenic species of streptococcus, such as the commonly ingested probiotic organism S. thermophilus, may trigger autoantibody production in either of these disorders. While this is an understandable concern, it must be emphasized that GABHS, or ...
Golgi Tendon Organs
... tension become inhibited by the reflex spread muscle load over all fibers prevent damage in isolated areas of a muscle where small numbers of fibers ...
... tension become inhibited by the reflex spread muscle load over all fibers prevent damage in isolated areas of a muscle where small numbers of fibers ...
Coding of intention in the posterior parietal cortex
... The animal memorized two flashed locations and then, after a delay, saccaded to them sequentially LIP activity encoded the goal of the first saccade, when done firing changed to code the goal of the second saccade ...
... The animal memorized two flashed locations and then, after a delay, saccaded to them sequentially LIP activity encoded the goal of the first saccade, when done firing changed to code the goal of the second saccade ...
Genotype–phenotype correlation of paroxysmal nonkinesigenic
... Paroxysmal dyskinesias are a heterogeneous group of movement disorders characterized by intermittent attacks of hyperkinetic involuntary movements without loss of consciousness.1,2 According to one widely applied classification scheme,3 paroxysmal dyskinesias can be classified into four subgroups: p ...
... Paroxysmal dyskinesias are a heterogeneous group of movement disorders characterized by intermittent attacks of hyperkinetic involuntary movements without loss of consciousness.1,2 According to one widely applied classification scheme,3 paroxysmal dyskinesias can be classified into four subgroups: p ...
GM1 Gangliosidosis
... Gangliosides are normal components of cell membranes, particularly neurons, and GM1 is the major ganglioside in the vertebrate brain Accumulation of toxic asialo- and lyso-compound GM1 ganglioside derivatives is believed to be neuropathic ...
... Gangliosides are normal components of cell membranes, particularly neurons, and GM1 is the major ganglioside in the vertebrate brain Accumulation of toxic asialo- and lyso-compound GM1 ganglioside derivatives is believed to be neuropathic ...
STROKE
... Less often, deficits evolve slowly, usually over 24 to 48 h (called evolving stroke or stroke in evolution), typically in atherothrombotic stroke. In most evolving strokes, unilateral neurologic dysfunction (often beginning in one arm, then spreading ipsilaterally) extends without causing headache, ...
... Less often, deficits evolve slowly, usually over 24 to 48 h (called evolving stroke or stroke in evolution), typically in atherothrombotic stroke. In most evolving strokes, unilateral neurologic dysfunction (often beginning in one arm, then spreading ipsilaterally) extends without causing headache, ...
Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction
... which tensilon is administered. Tensilon is a very short-acting drug that blocks the degradation of acetylcholine, thus increasing its levels for a very short time at the neuromuscular junction. The increased availability of acetylcholine results in improved muscle function and thus a transient impr ...
... which tensilon is administered. Tensilon is a very short-acting drug that blocks the degradation of acetylcholine, thus increasing its levels for a very short time at the neuromuscular junction. The increased availability of acetylcholine results in improved muscle function and thus a transient impr ...
PULLING LIFTS DO NOT SUFFICIENTLY DEVELOP CERVICAL
... Many strength and conditioning coaches forego neck-strengthening exercises because they believe the various pulls the athletes perform during strength and conditioning training will strengthen the trapezius and other neck muscles sufficiently. This is a retrospective analysis of such case. PRESENTAT ...
... Many strength and conditioning coaches forego neck-strengthening exercises because they believe the various pulls the athletes perform during strength and conditioning training will strengthen the trapezius and other neck muscles sufficiently. This is a retrospective analysis of such case. PRESENTAT ...
dystonia update
... occur at any age but more frequently around 5012. It involves involuntary contractions of the neck muscles causing a variety of abnormal movements and postures of the head. Referring to head position, torticollis may be described as predominantly rotational (the most common type), laterocollis, retr ...
... occur at any age but more frequently around 5012. It involves involuntary contractions of the neck muscles causing a variety of abnormal movements and postures of the head. Referring to head position, torticollis may be described as predominantly rotational (the most common type), laterocollis, retr ...
A Case of Isolated Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis with Hemichorea
... cortex (A: resting state, B: after acetazolamide injection). After the extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery, brain MRI shows improvement in perfusion of the left MCA territory [C: cerebral blood volume (CBV), D: cerebral flood flow (CBF), E: time to peak (TTP)]. SPECT: Single photon emission com ...
... cortex (A: resting state, B: after acetazolamide injection). After the extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery, brain MRI shows improvement in perfusion of the left MCA territory [C: cerebral blood volume (CBV), D: cerebral flood flow (CBF), E: time to peak (TTP)]. SPECT: Single photon emission com ...
New Perspectives on Dystonia
... it can occur at any age but more frequently around 5012. It involves involuntary contractions of the neck muscles causing a variety of abnormal movements and postures of the head. Referring to head position, torticollis may be described as predominantly rotational (the most common type), laterocolli ...
... it can occur at any age but more frequently around 5012. It involves involuntary contractions of the neck muscles causing a variety of abnormal movements and postures of the head. Referring to head position, torticollis may be described as predominantly rotational (the most common type), laterocolli ...
71 gazette English good.qxd
... And when they do, they share how they made it—and how they continue to make it. Because their paths may converge once a year on a pleasant little hotel in New Jersey. But the road to ...
... And when they do, they share how they made it—and how they continue to make it. Because their paths may converge once a year on a pleasant little hotel in New Jersey. But the road to ...
basal ganglia and cerebellum Action selection and refinement in
... decrease in blood flow in caudate during the decoding operation was puzzling. Brain processing is believed to require increased synaptic activity, which recruits increased metabolism and blood flow, as detected by an increase in BOLD signal (Logothetis 2002). Decreases in BOLD are considered mysteri ...
... decrease in blood flow in caudate during the decoding operation was puzzling. Brain processing is believed to require increased synaptic activity, which recruits increased metabolism and blood flow, as detected by an increase in BOLD signal (Logothetis 2002). Decreases in BOLD are considered mysteri ...
䥍䥎呓奒传⁆䕈䱁䡔传⁆䭕䅒义E
... 16. A 21-year-old right-handed female student was working in the photography lab 1 week ago, which required standing all day. After that, she experienced a cold sensation in the left foot and her entire left leg fell asleep. The feeling lasted 4 to 5 days and then slowly went away. Her right lower ...
... 16. A 21-year-old right-handed female student was working in the photography lab 1 week ago, which required standing all day. After that, she experienced a cold sensation in the left foot and her entire left leg fell asleep. The feeling lasted 4 to 5 days and then slowly went away. Her right lower ...
Action selection and refinement in subcortical loops through basal
... decrease in blood flow in caudate during the decoding operation was puzzling. Brain processing is believed to require increased synaptic activity, which recruits increased metabolism and blood flow, as detected by an increase in BOLD signal (Logothetis 2002). Decreases in BOLD are considered mysteri ...
... decrease in blood flow in caudate during the decoding operation was puzzling. Brain processing is believed to require increased synaptic activity, which recruits increased metabolism and blood flow, as detected by an increase in BOLD signal (Logothetis 2002). Decreases in BOLD are considered mysteri ...
Hyperkinesia
Hyperkinesia, also known as hyperkinesis, refers to an increase in muscular activity that can result in excessive abnormal movements, excessive normal movements, or a combination of both. The word hyperkinesis comes from the Greek hyper, meaning ""increased,"" and kinein, meaning ""to move."" Hyperkinesia is a state of excessive restlessness which is featured in a large variety of disorders that affect the ability to control motor movement, such as Huntington's disease. It is the opposite of hypokinesia, which refers to decreased bodily movement, as commonly manifested in Parkinson's disease. Many hyperkinetic movements are the result of improper regulation of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry. Overactivity of a direct pathway combined with decreased activity of an indirect pathway results in activation of thalamic neurons and excitation of cortical neurons, resulting in increased motor output. Often, hyperkinesia is paired with hypotonia, a decrease in muscle tone. Many hyperkinetic disorders are psychological in nature and are typically prominent in childhood. Depending on the specific type of hyperkinetic movement, there are different treatment options available to minimize the symptoms, including different medical and surgical therapies.