Mixing by internal waves quantified using combined PIV/PLIF
... In Sect. 2, the experimental apparatus and PLIF technique are introduced, as well as its coupling to PIV measurements. The validation of the technique is exposed in Sect. 3, in particular in a configuration of triadic resonance instability (TRI). The determination of eddy diffusivity induced by the ...
... In Sect. 2, the experimental apparatus and PLIF technique are introduced, as well as its coupling to PIV measurements. The validation of the technique is exposed in Sect. 3, in particular in a configuration of triadic resonance instability (TRI). The determination of eddy diffusivity induced by the ...
PCT form - 1 - DESCRIPTION OPTICAL MEASURING DEVICE AND
... of, for example, protein and various minute particles) by using light diffracted by a transient diffraction grating generated by the particles and to a method and device for measuring diameters of nanoparticles whose diameters are equal to or less than 100nm by using the same principle as ...
... of, for example, protein and various minute particles) by using light diffracted by a transient diffraction grating generated by the particles and to a method and device for measuring diameters of nanoparticles whose diameters are equal to or less than 100nm by using the same principle as ...
Physical Properties of Macromolecules Glass Transitions in Amorphous Polymers
... Conformational entropy of mixing, ΔSmixing Interaction free energy of mixing and the Flory-Huggins thermodynamic χ parameter Energetic interactions within the pure solvent Energetic interactions within the undiluted polymer Energetic interactions within the polymer-solvent mixture Complete expressio ...
... Conformational entropy of mixing, ΔSmixing Interaction free energy of mixing and the Flory-Huggins thermodynamic χ parameter Energetic interactions within the pure solvent Energetic interactions within the undiluted polymer Energetic interactions within the polymer-solvent mixture Complete expressio ...
stoichiometric relationships - Assets
... Figure 1.1b shows how the temperature changes as a solid is heated until it becomes a gas. As a substance is heated the particles gain energy and move more quickly (vibrate more quickly for a solid). At the melting and boiling points all the energy being supplied is used to overcome forces between p ...
... Figure 1.1b shows how the temperature changes as a solid is heated until it becomes a gas. As a substance is heated the particles gain energy and move more quickly (vibrate more quickly for a solid). At the melting and boiling points all the energy being supplied is used to overcome forces between p ...
Module 3: Defects, Diffusion and Conduction in Ceramics
... These laws are briefly explained below. For detailed discussion on diffusion, readers are referred to standard text books on diffusion .1,2 ...
... These laws are briefly explained below. For detailed discussion on diffusion, readers are referred to standard text books on diffusion .1,2 ...
Light Simulation with Participating Media - HAL
... approximated by an HG phase function by calculating g = 4π (ω ...
... approximated by an HG phase function by calculating g = 4π (ω ...
Fluorescence Quantum Yield Determinations. 9,lO
... sorption and emission has already been demonstrated by Me1hui~h.l~ Still, some researchers prefer to work under conditions which allow all exciting light to be absorbed, obviating the necessity of correcting for differences in absorbance between sample and reference. Certain authors are under the im ...
... sorption and emission has already been demonstrated by Me1hui~h.l~ Still, some researchers prefer to work under conditions which allow all exciting light to be absorbed, obviating the necessity of correcting for differences in absorbance between sample and reference. Certain authors are under the im ...
Measurement of Colloidal Forces with TIRM
... this corresponds to centering the internal reflection under the particle. If desired, the angle of incidence for the internal reflection can be determined by measuring the time-averaged scattering from a stuck particle as the 2D stage bearing the mirror is slowly translated left and right (the x pos ...
... this corresponds to centering the internal reflection under the particle. If desired, the angle of incidence for the internal reflection can be determined by measuring the time-averaged scattering from a stuck particle as the 2D stage bearing the mirror is slowly translated left and right (the x pos ...
Synthesis and Characterization of Large Colloidal Silver Particles
... Au, Al, Ni, Cu) have been investigated theoretically as possible candidates for metallodielectric photonic crystals.10-14 Because of its low bulk absorption, silver (Ag) is the most suitable metal to create a CPBG in the visible. Recent calculations of Moroz have shown that a CPBG can even be opened ...
... Au, Al, Ni, Cu) have been investigated theoretically as possible candidates for metallodielectric photonic crystals.10-14 Because of its low bulk absorption, silver (Ag) is the most suitable metal to create a CPBG in the visible. Recent calculations of Moroz have shown that a CPBG can even be opened ...
Notes Sheet - mychemcourse
... If you wanted to carry out this reaction, how could you measure the correct numbers of particles of aluminum and iodine? Fortunately, you can count particles by measuring mass. Suppose you have a sample of an element, and the mass of the sample in grams is numerically equal to the atomic mass of the ...
... If you wanted to carry out this reaction, how could you measure the correct numbers of particles of aluminum and iodine? Fortunately, you can count particles by measuring mass. Suppose you have a sample of an element, and the mass of the sample in grams is numerically equal to the atomic mass of the ...
Noise-equivalent sensitivity of photoacoustics
... photoacoustics (CW-PA) directly relates to integration time Δt by Δf ¼ 1∕ð2ΔtÞ. Under the optimum intensity-modulated illumination conditions described in Sec. 2.1 and summarized in Eq. (10), the power from a single molecule (m ¼ 1) at f o is given by ...
... photoacoustics (CW-PA) directly relates to integration time Δt by Δf ¼ 1∕ð2ΔtÞ. Under the optimum intensity-modulated illumination conditions described in Sec. 2.1 and summarized in Eq. (10), the power from a single molecule (m ¼ 1) at f o is given by ...
Selective plane illumination microscopy techniques in
... technical constraints of the imaging apparatus. In vivo imaging can potentially capture quantitative data at singlecell resolution. When this imaging is performed noninvasively on intact, fully functioning organisms, time-lapse microscopy allows the study of development over time. Ultimately, one go ...
... technical constraints of the imaging apparatus. In vivo imaging can potentially capture quantitative data at singlecell resolution. When this imaging is performed noninvasively on intact, fully functioning organisms, time-lapse microscopy allows the study of development over time. Ultimately, one go ...
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA, 54(27), 6850
... controlled by heating elements in the end plates in conjunction with cooling fans on either side. Gas pressure was controlled by a combination of back pressure valves. Between four and ten trials were performed at each set of conditions and an average value of the parameters is reported. It must be ...
... controlled by heating elements in the end plates in conjunction with cooling fans on either side. Gas pressure was controlled by a combination of back pressure valves. Between four and ten trials were performed at each set of conditions and an average value of the parameters is reported. It must be ...
Online Photolytic Optical Gating of Caged Fluorophores in Capillary
... The spot size is approximated based on the Gaussian distribution of light within a laser beam. Though the LED used here is non-Gaussian, we have utilized this approximation for simplicity. Window width = 4λF / πD where λ is the detection wavelength (496 nm), F is the focal length of the lens which f ...
... The spot size is approximated based on the Gaussian distribution of light within a laser beam. Though the LED used here is non-Gaussian, we have utilized this approximation for simplicity. Window width = 4λF / πD where λ is the detection wavelength (496 nm), F is the focal length of the lens which f ...
Quantum diffusion with disorder, noise and interaction
... achievable in a quasi-periodic lattice can be found in [47]. 3.4. The generalized diffusion model When we introduce noise and interaction at the same time, we observe an expansion that is globally faster than that for noise or interaction alone. Note that the solution of equation (3) will result in ...
... achievable in a quasi-periodic lattice can be found in [47]. 3.4. The generalized diffusion model When we introduce noise and interaction at the same time, we observe an expansion that is globally faster than that for noise or interaction alone. Note that the solution of equation (3) will result in ...
Tracing Water and Cation Diffusion in Hydrated Zeolites of Type Li
... The increase in the genuine micropore diffusivities Dmicro for both the cations and the water molecules in comparison with the long-range diffusivities Dlong‑range within the zeolite particles has been seen to be the immediate consequence of the additional impediment of propagation on the boundaries b ...
... The increase in the genuine micropore diffusivities Dmicro for both the cations and the water molecules in comparison with the long-range diffusivities Dlong‑range within the zeolite particles has been seen to be the immediate consequence of the additional impediment of propagation on the boundaries b ...
Lecture 8
... The test strip has a second electrode coated with the mediator, but not with glucose oxidase. Thus, interfering species that are oxidized at electrode 1 are also oxidized at electrode 2. The current due to glucose equals: (current at electrode 1 – current at electrode 2) Dr. Rasha Hanafi, GUC ...
... The test strip has a second electrode coated with the mediator, but not with glucose oxidase. Thus, interfering species that are oxidized at electrode 1 are also oxidized at electrode 2. The current due to glucose equals: (current at electrode 1 – current at electrode 2) Dr. Rasha Hanafi, GUC ...
2 - Durham Research Online
... However, when comparing both absorption and fluorescence of the samples used in the experiments of this study, with extensively diluted samples, no differences in the spectra were observed. Little or no presence of physical ground state aggregates in the sample materials is assumed here. TA and UPC ...
... However, when comparing both absorption and fluorescence of the samples used in the experiments of this study, with extensively diluted samples, no differences in the spectra were observed. Little or no presence of physical ground state aggregates in the sample materials is assumed here. TA and UPC ...
Optical Filters for Laser-based Fluorescence Microscopes
... Semrock laser filter sets inherently provide excellent image registration performance—when interchanging these sets with one another, no appreciable pixel shift is observed. And images obtained with the laser filter sets exhibit excellent image registration not only with one another, but also with i ...
... Semrock laser filter sets inherently provide excellent image registration performance—when interchanging these sets with one another, no appreciable pixel shift is observed. And images obtained with the laser filter sets exhibit excellent image registration not only with one another, but also with i ...
Total Internal Reflection Spectroscopy for Studying Soft Matter
... the molecular transitions—mean that only molecules at an interface can be detected. Second-order nonlinear optical techniques, such as sum-frequency generation and second harmonic generation, vanish in centrosymmetric media but are permitted at interfaces, which break the inversion symmetry of (most ...
... the molecular transitions—mean that only molecules at an interface can be detected. Second-order nonlinear optical techniques, such as sum-frequency generation and second harmonic generation, vanish in centrosymmetric media but are permitted at interfaces, which break the inversion symmetry of (most ...
M.J. Moreno, M. Prieto. 1993. Interaction of the peptide hormone
... Chemicals. The ACTH(1-24) (9 1% pure) was from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO) and was not purified further; the related peptide [Phe2][Nle4]ACTH(1-24) (95% pure) was obtained from Neosystem (Strasbourg, France). The lipids DPPC and DMPG were from Sigma and Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, WI), r ...
... Chemicals. The ACTH(1-24) (9 1% pure) was from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO) and was not purified further; the related peptide [Phe2][Nle4]ACTH(1-24) (95% pure) was obtained from Neosystem (Strasbourg, France). The lipids DPPC and DMPG were from Sigma and Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, WI), r ...
Increasing the Resolution of Far
... offering the possibility of investigating non-conducting material such as biological samples(6). The distance between the tip and the surface of an AFM in contact mode is in the range of fractions of a nanometer. The resolution of the AFM is primarily determined by the chemical environment and the s ...
... offering the possibility of investigating non-conducting material such as biological samples(6). The distance between the tip and the surface of an AFM in contact mode is in the range of fractions of a nanometer. The resolution of the AFM is primarily determined by the chemical environment and the s ...
chapter 3
... CHAPTER 3. STOICHIOMETRY Chemical equations describe chemical reactions. Common symbols: (g) or ↑ gas; ...
... CHAPTER 3. STOICHIOMETRY Chemical equations describe chemical reactions. Common symbols: (g) or ↑ gas; ...
[pdf]
... given a practical signal-to-noise ratio ~0.3% amplitude noise and 0.08° phase noise!. Although biological tissues contain several intrinsic fluorophores,4 none is available in the NIR region, and the high absorption makes these fluorophores disadvantageous for thick-tissue diagnosis. Thus exogenous ...
... given a practical signal-to-noise ratio ~0.3% amplitude noise and 0.08° phase noise!. Although biological tissues contain several intrinsic fluorophores,4 none is available in the NIR region, and the high absorption makes these fluorophores disadvantageous for thick-tissue diagnosis. Thus exogenous ...
Bi Imaging - MicroscopyU
... cross-reactivity between any of the antibodies, spectral overlap of the fluorescent emissions of the fluorochromes, or autofluorescence. Therefore, knowledge of the protocol should be applied during the subsequent image analysis. Another dilemma emerges when one tries to overcome the bleed-through i ...
... cross-reactivity between any of the antibodies, spectral overlap of the fluorescent emissions of the fluorochromes, or autofluorescence. Therefore, knowledge of the protocol should be applied during the subsequent image analysis. Another dilemma emerges when one tries to overcome the bleed-through i ...
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a correlation analysis of fluctuation of the fluorescence intensity. The analysis provides parameters of the physics under the fluctuations. One of the interesting applications of this is an analysis of the concentration fluctuations of fluorescent particles (molecules) in solution. In this application, the fluorescence emitted from a very tiny space in solution containing a small number of fluorescent particles (molecules) is observed. The fluorescence intensity is fluctuating due to Brownian motion of the particles. In other words, the number of the particles in the sub-space defined by the optical system is randomly changing around the average number. The analysis gives the average number of fluorescent particles and average diffusion time, when the particle is passing through the space. Eventually, both the concentration and size of the particle (molecule) are determined. Both parameters are important in biochemical research, biophysics, and chemistry.FCS is such a sensitive analytical tool because it observes a small number of molecules (nanomolar to picomolar concentrations) in a small volume (~1μm3). In contrast to other methods (such as HPLC analysis) FCS has no physical separation process; instead, it achieves its spatial resolution through its optics. Furthermore, FCS enables observation of fluorescence-tagged molecules in the biochemical pathway in intact living cells. This opens a new area, ""in situ or in vivo biochemistry"": tracing the biochemical pathway in intact cells and organs.Commonly, FCS is employed in the context of optical microscopy, in particular Confocal microscopy or two-photon excitation microscopy. In these techniques light is focused on a sample and the measured fluorescence intensity fluctuations (due to diffusion, physical or chemical reactions, aggregation, etc.) are analyzed using the temporal autocorrelation. Because the measured property is essentially related to the magnitude and/or the amount of fluctuations, there is an optimum measurement regime at the level when individual species enter or exit the observation volume (or turn on and off in the volume). When too many entities are measured at the same time the overall fluctuations are small in comparison to the total signal and may not be resolvable – in the other direction, if the individual fluctuation-events are too sparse in time, one measurement may take prohibitively too long. FCS is in a way the fluorescent counterpart to dynamic light scattering, which uses coherent light scattering, instead of (incoherent) fluorescence.When an appropriate model is known, FCS can be used to obtain quantitative information such as diffusion coefficients hydrodynamic radii average concentrations kinetic chemical reaction rates singlet-triplet dynamicsBecause fluorescent markers come in a variety of colors and can be specifically bound to a particular molecule (e.g. proteins, polymers, metal-complexes, etc.), it is possible to study the behavior of individual molecules (in rapid succession in composite solutions). With the development of sensitive detectors such as avalanche photodiodes the detection of the fluorescence signal coming from individual molecules in highly dilute samples has become practical. With this emerged the possibility to conduct FCS experiments in a wide variety of specimens, ranging from materials science to biology. The advent of engineered cells with genetically tagged proteins (like green fluorescent protein) has made FCS a common tool for studying molecular dynamics in living cells.