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Name_________________________________
Name_________________________________

... under General Sites. Go to the “ChemTime Clock” area to find the answers. 1) All materials, whether solid, liquid or gas, are made of ____________. Atoms are the smallest _______ of ______________. Scientists have found over _______ different kinds of atoms. The many different materials we encounter ...
Note-taking Strategy Your notes should contain a title with
Note-taking Strategy Your notes should contain a title with

... Summary: The idea of the atom was proposed over 2500 years ago. Democritus taught that the atom  was the tiniest particle of matter. He thought of it as a tiny, indivisible, indestructible particle. However,  his ideas were not based on any scientific experimenting. 2000 years later in England, John ...
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No Slide Title

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Isotopic labeling



Isotopic labeling (or isotopic labelling) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope, or an atom with a variation, through a reaction, metabolic pathway, or cell. The reactant is 'labeled' by replacing specific atoms by their isotope. The reactant is then allowed to undergo the reaction. The position of the isotopes in the products is measured to determine the sequence the isotopic atom followed in the reaction or the cell's metabolic pathway. The nuclides used in isotopic labeling may be stable nuclides or radionuclides. In the latter case, the labeling is called radiolabeling.In isotopic labeling, there are multiple ways to detect the presence of labeling isotopes; through their mass, vibrational mode, or radioactive decay. Mass spectrometry detects the difference in an isotope's mass, while infrared spectroscopy detects the difference in the isotope's vibrational modes. Nuclear magnetic resonance detects atoms with different gyromagnetic ratios. The radioactive decay can be detected through an ionization chamber or autoradiographs of gels.An example of the use of isotopic labeling is the study of phenol (C6H5OH) in water by replacing common hydrogen (protium) with deuterium (deuterium labeling). Upon adding phenol to deuterated water (water containing D2O in addition to the usual H2O), the substitution of deuterium for the hydrogen is observed in phenol's hydroxyl group (resulting in C6H5OD), indicating that phenol readily undergoes hydrogen-exchange reactions with water. Only the hydroxyl group was affected, indicating that the other 5 hydrogen atoms did not participate in these exchange reactions.
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