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1. Genes and Genetic Engineering (v2.1)
1. Genes and Genetic Engineering (v2.1)

... bioreactors are used. These enable the micro-organisms to be grown, or ‘cultured’, at optimum pH, temperature and nutrient levels. The product can be ...
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... mutation is on an autosome, one of the chromosomes that's not an X or a Y. They also mean that the condition caused by the mutation can occur even if only one of the two paired autosomes carries the mutation. It's a way of saying that the mutated gene is dominant over the normal gene. In autosomal d ...
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Epigenetics of human development

Development before birth, including gametogenesis, embryogenesis, and fetal development, is the process of body development from the gametes are formed to eventually combine into a zygote to when the fully developed organism exits the uterus. Epigenetic processes are vital to fetal development due to the need to differentiate from a single cell to a variety of cell types that are arranged in such a way to produce cohesive tissues, organs, and systems.Epigenetic modifications such as methylation of CpGs (a dinucleotide composed of a 2'-deoxycytosine and a 2' deoxyguanosine) and histone tail modifications allow activation or repression of certain genes within a cell, in order to create cell memory either in favor of using a gene or not using a gene. These modifications can either originate from the parental DNA, or can be added to the gene by various proteins and can contribute to differentiation. Processes that alter the epigenetic profile of a gene include production of activating or repressing protein complexes, usage of non-coding RNAs to guide proteins capable of modification, and the proliferation of a signal by having protein complexes attract either another protein complex or more DNA in order to modify other locations in the gene.
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