• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Market force, ecology and evolution
Market force, ecology and evolution

... prices, but only make transactions when prices reach equilibrium (e.g. Samuelson, 1941, 1947; Walker, 1996). This does not reflect the way trades are done in most modern financial markets. While more sophisticated models have been developed that allow transactions out of equilibrium, the main thrust ...
Regime-Based Asset Allocation
Regime-Based Asset Allocation

... market’ss total size, industry composition, and size of stock. The index is calculated on a total return with the percentage change in price plus actual coupon income making up the total return. The index is rebalanced monthly ...
NARRATOR (DILLY BARLOW): This is the story of a brilliant
NARRATOR (DILLY BARLOW): This is the story of a brilliant

(T+2) Settlement Cycle Introductory Materials
(T+2) Settlement Cycle Introductory Materials

... directly upon executing transactions with no need to wait for completing the settlement of securities. Also, sellers gain purchasing power that enables them to buy new securities directly upon executing transactions with no need to wait for completing the settlement of securities. 10. Which types of ...
Testing the Strong-Form Efficiency of the Namibian Stock Market
Testing the Strong-Form Efficiency of the Namibian Stock Market

... In this work, monthly spot rates were used for the Japanese Yen, the Pound sterling, the US dollar, the French Franc, the Indian Rupee and the German Mark, relative to the Sri Lankan Rupee, for the period of January 1986 until November 2000. The principal results point to the fact that evidence exis ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... Borrowing cost, repo market are good indicators for liquidity, it could be used to get a long or a short position on liquidity on FI market. ...
Heat Waves, Meteor Showers, and Trading Volume: An Analysis of
Heat Waves, Meteor Showers, and Trading Volume: An Analysis of

... yen/dollar volatility spills over from one trading center to another as the global trading progresses. The U.S. Treasury market offers an interesting, alternative testing ground for these hypotheses on volatility spillovers. Since the Treasury market operates around-the-clock from different trading ...
As you can see, the market has been running and now it`s pulled
As you can see, the market has been running and now it`s pulled

... The information and recommendations made available here ("Information") by The Parmar Group and/or all affiliates is for informational purposes only and not to be used or construed as an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any services or securities. You further agree that The Parmar ...
Methodology of Exchange Design
Methodology of Exchange Design

... • One-sided lessons ...
Momentum-Value in Options
Momentum-Value in Options

... makers.2 Liquidity conditions also play a role; tighter funding liquidity increase investor demand for options as it becomes more expensive to use leverage; tighter market liquidity increase the required return from supplying implied volatility.3 The actual price dynamics might also have an effect; ...
hanoi university
hanoi university

Schedule F · High-Risk Investment Notice
Schedule F · High-Risk Investment Notice

... Buying options involves less risk than selling options because, if the price of the underlying asset moves against you, you can simply allow the option to lapse. The maximum loss is limited to the premium, plus any commission or other transaction charges. However, if you buy a call option on a futur ...
Interest rate Derivatives
Interest rate Derivatives

... • Hedging: taking a futures position as a temporary substitute for transactions to be made in the cash market at a later date. • The outcome of a hedge will depend on the relationship between the cash price and the futures price • The difference between cash price and futures price is basis • The ri ...
Glossary of the Capital Market
Glossary of the Capital Market

... (4) Risk arbitrage applies the principles of risk offset to mergers and other major corporate developments. The risk offsetting position(s) do not insulate the investor from certain event risks (such as termination of a merger agreement on the risk of completion of a transaction within a certain tim ...
Adverse Selection and Competitive Market Making
Adverse Selection and Competitive Market Making

... A market for a security is liquid if investors can buy or sell large amounts of the security at a low transaction cost. Liquidity is a valuable characteristic of a security because it allows investors to realize more of the gains from optimal risk sharing through dynamic trading.1 In many markets l ...
Retail Markets: Management models
Retail Markets: Management models

... traders – primarily for their collective benefit but usually adding value through product range, contribution to the local economy, willingness to work in partnership with other local agencies. • Community enterprise: the market business is owned by, managed by and accountable to the local communit ...
Relative Velocity Statistics: Their Application in Portfolio Analysis
Relative Velocity Statistics: Their Application in Portfolio Analysis

... amounts to reflect the number of shares owned, such extensions are then multiplied by the advance velocity figure for each individual stock, or the decline velocity figure, depending upon whether the determination is to be for an advance or a decline. An average velocity, derived from the sum of suc ...
analysis of problematics related to the stock market in albania
analysis of problematics related to the stock market in albania

... exist, so that the trade can go on for every individual with access to a broker or an automated electronic broker that operates online. In a typical transaction, the seller thinks the stock is at its peak price, while the buyer expects it to rise in value at some point in the future. All this flow o ...
CM-Equity AG General Information and Risk Disclosure for
CM-Equity AG General Information and Risk Disclosure for

... (incl. half of the spread) will be billed. In order to protect the CFD trade from high losses, the stop price is fixed 20 points from the execution, i. e. at 7,220 (7,200 + 20 points). Should the price move contrary to the trader's expectation, i. e. the price increases, and reach a level of 7,220 p ...
time series properties of the cyprus stock market
time series properties of the cyprus stock market

... tested by means of the Ljung-Box (LB) statistic calculated for ten lags and applied to returns (testing for linear or, first moment dependencies) as well as to squared returns (testing for nonlinear or, second moment dependencies). The hypothesis that all autocorrelations up to the 10th lag are join ...
Name: JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ Date: JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
Name: JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ Date: JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

... A) There was an increase in demand and a decrease in supply. B) There was an increase in demand or an increase in supply. C) There was a decrease in demand and a decrease in supply. D) There was a decrease in demand or an increase in supply. 18. If a frost destroys much of the grapefruit crop, total ...
OnlyHangers.com
OnlyHangers.com

... Marketing Strategies  Strategy based on Market Dominance  Growth Strategy – Intensification  Narrow market reassures buyer of product quality ...
Chapter 10 - Blackwell Publishing
Chapter 10 - Blackwell Publishing

... In Chapter 9, we examine index arbitrage through program trading and how to engage in cash-and-carry and reverse cash-and-carry strategies to exploit pricing differences between the index and the index futures. Recall further from Chapter 9 that the futures price that conforms with the Cost-of-Carry ...
Glued to the TV: Distracted Retail Investors and Stock Market Liquidity
Glued to the TV: Distracted Retail Investors and Stock Market Liquidity

... relevant for our purpose and as shown by Figure 1, trading volume on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) plummeted by 41% in the first five minutes after the announcement— and by another 76% in the next five minutes—before abruptly recovering. The swing in trading activity was especially dramatic fo ...
Vanguard High Dividend Yield Index Fund ETF Shares
Vanguard High Dividend Yield Index Fund ETF Shares

... trading and liquidity issues concerning leveraged and/or inverse ETNs, those with low Assets Under Management (AUM), and ETNs tracking volatile indexes. These additional risks may expose investors to additional price volatility. ETNs and some other unique and specialized ETFs are not generally appro ...
< 1 ... 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 ... 89 >

Algorithmic trading

Algorithmic trading, also called algo trading and blackbox trading, encompasses trading systems that are heavily reliant on complex mathematical formulas and high-speed, computer programs to determine trading strategies. These strategies use electronic platforms to enter trading orders with an algorithm which executes pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for a variety of variables such as timing, price, and volume. Algorithmic trading is widely used by investment banks, pension funds, mutual funds, and other buy-side (investor-driven) institutional traders, to divide large trades into several smaller trades to manage market impact and risk.Algorithmic trading may be used in any investment strategy or trading strategy, including market making, inter-market spreading, arbitrage, or pure speculation (including trend following). The investment decision and implementation may be augmented at any stage with algorithmic support or may operate completely automatically.Many types of algorithmic or automated trading activities can be described as high-frequency trading (HFT), which is a specialized form of algorithmic trading characterized by high turnover and high order-to-trade ratios. As a result, in February 2012, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) formed a special working group that included academics and industry experts to advise the CFTC on how best to define HFT. HFT strategies utilize computers that make elaborate decisions to initiate orders based on information that is received electronically, before human traders are capable of processing the information they observe. Algorithmic trading and HFT have resulted in a dramatic change of the market microstructure, particularly in the way liquidity is provided.Profitability projections by the TABB Group, a financial services industry research firm, for the US equities HFT industry were US$1.3 billion before expenses for 2014, significantly down on the maximum of US$21 billion that the 300 securities firms and hedge funds that then specialized in this type of trading took in profits in 2008, which the authors had then called ""relatively small"" and ""surprisingly modest"" when compared to the market's overall trading volume. In March 2014, Virtu Financial, a high-frequency trading firm, reported that during five years the firm as a whole was profitable on 1,277 out of 1,278 trading days, losing money just one day, empirically demonstrating the law of large numbers benefit of trading thousands to millions of tiny, low-risk and low-edge trades every trading day.A third of all European Union and United States stock trades in 2006 were driven by automatic programs, or algorithms. As of 2009, studies suggested HFT firms accounted for 60-73% of all US equity trading volume, with that number falling to approximately 50% in 2012. In 2006, at the London Stock Exchange, over 40% of all orders were entered by algorithmic traders, with 60% predicted for 2007. American markets and European markets generally have a higher proportion of algorithmic trades than other markets, and estimates for 2008 range as high as an 80% proportion in some markets. Foreign exchange markets also have active algorithmic trading (about 25% of orders in 2006). Futures markets are considered fairly easy to integrate into algorithmic trading, with about 20% of options volume expected to be computer-generated by 2010. Bond markets are moving toward more access to algorithmic traders.Algorithmic trading and HFT have been the subject of much public debate since the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission said in reports that an algorithmic trade entered by a mutual fund company triggered a wave of selling that led to the 2010 Flash Crash. The same reports found HFT strategies may have contributed to subsequent volatility by rapidly pulling liquidity from the market. As a result of these events, the Dow Jones Industrial Average suffered its second largest intraday point swing ever to that date, though prices quickly recovered. (See List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.) A July, 2011 report by the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), an international body of securities regulators, concluded that while ""algorithms and HFT technology have been used by market participants to manage their trading and risk, their usage was also clearly a contributing factor in the flash crash event of May 6, 2010."" However, other researchers have reached a different conclusion. One 2010 study found that HFT did not significantly alter trading inventory during the Flash Crash. Some algorithmic trading ahead of index fund rebalancing transfers profits from investors.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report