The Animate and the Inanimate
... This irreversible property is found in what is called the second law of thermodynamics. This, taken in its most general aspect, amounts to this: that the energy of the universe is constantly running down to one common level. In other words, where energy of the same variety is present in different de ...
... This irreversible property is found in what is called the second law of thermodynamics. This, taken in its most general aspect, amounts to this: that the energy of the universe is constantly running down to one common level. In other words, where energy of the same variety is present in different de ...
Inflation
... It is the Copernican principle, that we are not at the center of the solar system, taken to the extreme. It implies that the universe (on large scales) is isotropic and homogeneous (as seen by a freely falling observer), i.e. it is invariant under spatial translations and rotations. Cosmological “pr ...
... It is the Copernican principle, that we are not at the center of the solar system, taken to the extreme. It implies that the universe (on large scales) is isotropic and homogeneous (as seen by a freely falling observer), i.e. it is invariant under spatial translations and rotations. Cosmological “pr ...
Dark baryonic matter
... Dark matter : Why and how much? • Several gravitational observations show that more matter is in the Universe than we can ‘see’ • It these are particles they interact only through weak interactions and gravity • The energy density of Dark Matter today is obtained from fitting the ΛCDM model to CMB ...
... Dark matter : Why and how much? • Several gravitational observations show that more matter is in the Universe than we can ‘see’ • It these are particles they interact only through weak interactions and gravity • The energy density of Dark Matter today is obtained from fitting the ΛCDM model to CMB ...
A new view of galaxy evolution
... These galaxies are very bright and thus traditional way to find distant galaxies easy to see because they are undergoing intense and is being used today to find the most distant star formation, a common process in the early galaxies in the universe. universe. However, there are also galaxies that We ...
... These galaxies are very bright and thus traditional way to find distant galaxies easy to see because they are undergoing intense and is being used today to find the most distant star formation, a common process in the early galaxies in the universe. universe. However, there are also galaxies that We ...
The Origin of Life from Primordial Planets
... fluctuations from big bang turbulence. The total density of the universe is dominated by weakly collisional non-baryons (neutrinos) that are so strongly diffusive that all nonbaryonic density fluctuations are smoothed away. The baryonic gravitational free fall time (ρG)-1/2 is ~2.7 times larger than ...
... fluctuations from big bang turbulence. The total density of the universe is dominated by weakly collisional non-baryons (neutrinos) that are so strongly diffusive that all nonbaryonic density fluctuations are smoothed away. The baryonic gravitational free fall time (ρG)-1/2 is ~2.7 times larger than ...
Cold dark matter heats up
... We discussed above how field dwarfs have been fundamental in revealing the apparent over-concentration of dark matter at the centre of halos. Satellite dwarfs, with an order-of-magnitude fewer stars, are potentially powerful probes of the dark matter distribution at the smallest scales56. Various te ...
... We discussed above how field dwarfs have been fundamental in revealing the apparent over-concentration of dark matter at the centre of halos. Satellite dwarfs, with an order-of-magnitude fewer stars, are potentially powerful probes of the dark matter distribution at the smallest scales56. Various te ...
Cosmological Constraints from Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations
... • BAO remove some of shape information in two-point correlation function • Use realistic modelling to generate templates for BAO features to constrain parameters • Current SNe and BAO results now consistent • May be impossible to distinguish some DE models • Need to refine simulations in two ways: L ...
... • BAO remove some of shape information in two-point correlation function • Use realistic modelling to generate templates for BAO features to constrain parameters • Current SNe and BAO results now consistent • May be impossible to distinguish some DE models • Need to refine simulations in two ways: L ...
REVIEWS 18 years of science with the Hubble Space Telescope Julianne J. Dalcanton
... resulting improvements is the dramatic increase in a telescope’s resolution—the smallest angular separation that can be reliably detected (Fig. 2). Images taken with the HST can distinguish features that are separated by less than a tenth of an arc second (comparable to the angle spanned by half a m ...
... resulting improvements is the dramatic increase in a telescope’s resolution—the smallest angular separation that can be reliably detected (Fig. 2). Images taken with the HST can distinguish features that are separated by less than a tenth of an arc second (comparable to the angle spanned by half a m ...
Periodic Universal Gravitation Resulting in the Phenomenon of Dark
... From equation (11), the expression of the vacuum force, we can see that: 1) The vacuum force Fv(t,r) is of the same direction as the universal gravitation, and increases along the distance between M1 and M2, which is equivalent to adding additional gravitational mass at the galaxy center. Such addit ...
... From equation (11), the expression of the vacuum force, we can see that: 1) The vacuum force Fv(t,r) is of the same direction as the universal gravitation, and increases along the distance between M1 and M2, which is equivalent to adding additional gravitational mass at the galaxy center. Such addit ...
Probing the stability of superheavy dark matter particles with high
... body or a three body leptonic decay, we find that the dark matter lifetime must be longer than O(1026 − 1028 ) s for masses between 10 TeV and the Grand Unification scale. Finally, we also calculate, for concrete particle physics scenarios, the limits on the strength of the interactions that induce ...
... body or a three body leptonic decay, we find that the dark matter lifetime must be longer than O(1026 − 1028 ) s for masses between 10 TeV and the Grand Unification scale. Finally, we also calculate, for concrete particle physics scenarios, the limits on the strength of the interactions that induce ...
URL - StealthSkater
... a. String-like objects -- with string tension of same order of magnitude as possessed by the cosmic strings of GUTs -- have a crucial role in TGD-inspired model for the galaxy formation and in the TGD-based cosmology. b. The so-called massless extremals describe nonlinear plane waves propagating wit ...
... a. String-like objects -- with string tension of same order of magnitude as possessed by the cosmic strings of GUTs -- have a crucial role in TGD-inspired model for the galaxy formation and in the TGD-based cosmology. b. The so-called massless extremals describe nonlinear plane waves propagating wit ...
matter and dark energy Gravitational lensing: a unique probe of dark
... geometries was further developed independently by Klimov (1963), Liebes (1964) and Refsdal (1964a). Refsdal (1964b) demonstrated that, if a background lensed source such as a quasar is variable in its light output, an absolute distance scale can be determined by measuring the time delay in the arriv ...
... geometries was further developed independently by Klimov (1963), Liebes (1964) and Refsdal (1964a). Refsdal (1964b) demonstrated that, if a background lensed source such as a quasar is variable in its light output, an absolute distance scale can be determined by measuring the time delay in the arriv ...
Galaxy Classification - VCI
... Irregular galaxies are often the result of collisions between galaxies. Our own Milky Way cut a single smaller galaxy like a buzz saw blade. The Large & Small Magellanic Clouds are the “chips” left over from that round of cannibalism. ...
... Irregular galaxies are often the result of collisions between galaxies. Our own Milky Way cut a single smaller galaxy like a buzz saw blade. The Large & Small Magellanic Clouds are the “chips” left over from that round of cannibalism. ...
REVIEWS The formation of the first stars and galaxies Volker Bromm
... stars, galaxies and massive black holes formed. They fundamentally transformed the early Universe by endowing it with the first sources of light and chemical elements beyond the primordial hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang. The interplay of theory and upcoming observations promises to ans ...
... stars, galaxies and massive black holes formed. They fundamentally transformed the early Universe by endowing it with the first sources of light and chemical elements beyond the primordial hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang. The interplay of theory and upcoming observations promises to ans ...
Galactic Evolution - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
... only factor governing the origin of these magnificent cosmic systems. In addition to random chance that initially triggered matter fluctuations within primordial clouds, deterministic gravity also played a role in their subsequent fragmentation. Furthermore, other agents, including turbulence and s ...
... only factor governing the origin of these magnificent cosmic systems. In addition to random chance that initially triggered matter fluctuations within primordial clouds, deterministic gravity also played a role in their subsequent fragmentation. Furthermore, other agents, including turbulence and s ...
Massive quiescent galaxies at cosmic noon Robert Feldmann UC Berkeley
... The three detected SMGs are indicated. The grey contours represent the integrated 12 CO(5–4) emission. This line is clearly detected in both SMG1 and SMG2, but there is no 12 CO(5–4) detection in SMG3. The beam sizes of the 12 CO(5–4) (grey ellipse, 1.1!! × 1.0!! ) and dust continuum (white ellipse, ...
... The three detected SMGs are indicated. The grey contours represent the integrated 12 CO(5–4) emission. This line is clearly detected in both SMG1 and SMG2, but there is no 12 CO(5–4) detection in SMG3. The beam sizes of the 12 CO(5–4) (grey ellipse, 1.1!! × 1.0!! ) and dust continuum (white ellipse, ...
A Brief History of Time - Stephen Hawking
... the cosmic microwave background radiation by COBE (the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite) and other collaborations. These fluctuations are the finger-prints of creation, tiny initial irregularities in the otherwise smooth and uniform early universe that later grew into galaxies, stars, and all th ...
... the cosmic microwave background radiation by COBE (the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite) and other collaborations. These fluctuations are the finger-prints of creation, tiny initial irregularities in the otherwise smooth and uniform early universe that later grew into galaxies, stars, and all th ...
PART TWO: No Singularity inside Black Holes (BH)
... hole (its mass 1015 g) of long lifetime would certainly exist inside as a core to obstruct the collapse of energymatters to become Singularity. The steady mini black hole (mom ≈ 1015 g) in black holes instead of Singularity called by General Theory of Relativity (GTR) could resist the gravitationa ...
... hole (its mass 1015 g) of long lifetime would certainly exist inside as a core to obstruct the collapse of energymatters to become Singularity. The steady mini black hole (mom ≈ 1015 g) in black holes instead of Singularity called by General Theory of Relativity (GTR) could resist the gravitationa ...
Introductory Astronomy
... New Technology, New Techniques, and a Solution • Edwin Hubble (1889-1953): – 1922 – 1923: used new 100” telescope at Mt. Wilson, California to discover Cepheid variable stars in several “Nebulae”, including Andromeda – 1925: established that the “Nebulae” were much too far away to be part of ...
... New Technology, New Techniques, and a Solution • Edwin Hubble (1889-1953): – 1922 – 1923: used new 100” telescope at Mt. Wilson, California to discover Cepheid variable stars in several “Nebulae”, including Andromeda – 1925: established that the “Nebulae” were much too far away to be part of ...
Oxford Meeting
... Three representative SEDs are shown (see §3 for details) with model parameters given in the figure. The models with AV ~ 0.2 . 0.3 mag are based on the extinction inferred from the afterglow emission. For comparison, the dotted line represents the best-fit model to the SED of the z = 6.56 galaxy HCM ...
... Three representative SEDs are shown (see §3 for details) with model parameters given in the figure. The models with AV ~ 0.2 . 0.3 mag are based on the extinction inferred from the afterglow emission. For comparison, the dotted line represents the best-fit model to the SED of the z = 6.56 galaxy HCM ...
Rest of the Universe
... Results from both direct detection and particle accelerators, however, have placed limits on the size and mass of this hypothetical dark-matter particle, Kumar said. The sensitivity of LUX is down to 200 MeV, or about a fifth of a proton's mass, and it could theoretically see particles as heavy as 1 ...
... Results from both direct detection and particle accelerators, however, have placed limits on the size and mass of this hypothetical dark-matter particle, Kumar said. The sensitivity of LUX is down to 200 MeV, or about a fifth of a proton's mass, and it could theoretically see particles as heavy as 1 ...
Student Worksheet
... Your answers to questions below will come from the online lesson: Classifying Galaxies. Start with the "Student Lesson" and the blinking message : "Start Galaxy exploration here" What is a galaxy? 1)_________________________________________________________________________ In the 1920's, an astronome ...
... Your answers to questions below will come from the online lesson: Classifying Galaxies. Start with the "Student Lesson" and the blinking message : "Start Galaxy exploration here" What is a galaxy? 1)_________________________________________________________________________ In the 1920's, an astronome ...
Extragalactic Background Light Encyclopedia of Astronomy & Astrophysics eaa.iop.org Rebecca A Bernstein
... flux from all extragalactic sources, including those which are not individually detected. In keeping with the COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE—that the universe should appear homogeneous and isotropic to a typical observer—the EBL is expected to have a uniform mean level on large angular scales over the sky. ...
... flux from all extragalactic sources, including those which are not individually detected. In keeping with the COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE—that the universe should appear homogeneous and isotropic to a typical observer—the EBL is expected to have a uniform mean level on large angular scales over the sky. ...
PowerPoint
... • Could initiate rapid star formation - called Starburst Galaxies • Collision causes stars to be scattered into “tails” ...
... • Could initiate rapid star formation - called Starburst Galaxies • Collision causes stars to be scattered into “tails” ...
Big Bang
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution. The model accounts for the fact that the universe expanded from a very high density and high temperature state, and offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background, large scale structure, and Hubble's Law. If the known laws of physics are extrapolated beyond where they are valid, there is a singularity. Modern measurements place this moment at approximately 13.8 billion years ago, which is thus considered the age of the universe. After the initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles, and later simple atoms. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies.Since Georges Lemaître first noted, in 1927, that an expanding universe might be traced back in time to an originating single point, scientists have built on his idea of cosmic expansion. While the scientific community was once divided between supporters of two different expanding universe theories, the Big Bang and the Steady State theory, accumulated empirical evidence provides strong support for the former. In 1929, from analysis of galactic redshifts, Edwin Hubble concluded that galaxies are drifting apart, important observational evidence consistent with the hypothesis of an expanding universe. In 1965, the cosmic microwave background radiation was discovered, which was crucial evidence in favor of the Big Bang model, since that theory predicted the existence of background radiation throughout the universe before it was discovered. More recently, measurements of the redshifts of supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, an observation attributed to dark energy's existence. The known physical laws of nature can be used to calculate the characteristics of the universe in detail back in time to an initial state of extreme density and temperature.